A production method of a carbon particle by a detonation method includes a step of disposing an explosive substance in a periphery of a raw material substance, and a step of subjecting the explosive substance to a detonation. The explosive substance is a liquid at normal temperature and normal pressure. The raw material substance contains an aromatic compound having 3 or more nitro groups.

A production method of a carbon particle by a detonation method includes a step of disposing an explosive substance in a periphery of a raw material substance, and a step of subjecting the explosive substance to a detonation. The explosive substance is a liquid at normal temperature and normal pressure. The raw material substance contains an aromatic compound having 3 or more nitro groups.

Provided is graphite group that, when observed with a transmission electron microscope, has a laminated surface spacing of 0.2-1 nm, includes graphite pieces measuring 1.5-10 nm in a direction perpendicular to the laminating direction, the laminating direction of the graphite pieces being irregular.

Provided is graphite group that, when observed with a transmission electron microscope, has a laminated surface spacing of 0.2-1 nm, includes graphite pieces measuring 1.5-10 nm in a direction perpendicular to the laminating direction, the laminating direction of the graphite pieces being irregular.

Systems and methods of synthesizing nanoparticles on substrates using rapid, high temperature thermal shock. A method involves depositing micro-sized particles or salt precursors on a substrate, and applying a rapid, high temperature thermal pulse or shock to the micro-sized particles or the salt precursors and the substrate to cause the micro-sized particles or the salt precursors to become nanoparticles on the substrate. A system may include a rotatable member that receives a roll of a substrate sheet having micro-sized particles or salt precursors; a motor that rotates the rotatable member so as to unroll consecutive portions of the substrate sheet from the roll; and a thermal energy source that applies a short, high temperature thermal shock to consecutive portions of the substrate sheet that are unrolled from the roll by rotating the first rotatable member. Some systems and methods produce nanoparticles on existing substrate. The nanoparticles may be metallic, ceramic, inorganic, semiconductor, or compound nanoparticles. The substrate may be a carbon-based substrate, a conducting substrate, or a non-conducting substrate. The high temperature thermal shock process may be enabled by electrical Joule heating, microwave heating, thermal radiative heating, plasma heating, or laser heating.

Systems and methods of synthesizing nanoparticles on substrates using rapid, high temperature thermal shock. A method involves depositing micro-sized particles or salt precursors on a substrate, and applying a rapid, high temperature thermal pulse or shock to the micro-sized particles or the salt precursors and the substrate to cause the micro-sized particles or the salt precursors to become nanoparticles on the substrate. A system may include a rotatable member that receives a roll of a substrate sheet having micro-sized particles or salt precursors; a motor that rotates the rotatable member so as to unroll consecutive portions of the substrate sheet from the roll; and a thermal energy source that applies a short, high temperature thermal shock to consecutive portions of the substrate sheet that are unrolled from the roll by rotating the first rotatable member. Some systems and methods produce nanoparticles on existing substrate. The nanoparticles may be metallic, ceramic, inorganic, semiconductor, or compound nanoparticles. The substrate may be a carbon-based substrate, a conducting substrate, or a non-conducting substrate. The high temperature thermal shock process may be enabled by electrical Joule heating, microwave heating, thermal radiative heating, plasma heating, or laser heating.

A method of dispersing graphene and graphitic nanomaterials uses a multiphase fluid dynamic technique. The method includes a device, incorporating a high intensity fluid dynamics technique, controlling the expansion and compression ratio of the working stream that leads to an effective dispersion of the nanomaterial in the matrix. The condensation of the injected steam creates high intensity and controllable cavitation, leading to effective dispersion of the graphitic nanomaterial. The dispersion is most preferably done in a medium that creates a repulsive potential to balance the attractive inter-graphitic layer potential.

A method of dispersing graphene and graphitic nanomaterials uses a multiphase fluid dynamic technique. The method includes a device, incorporating a high intensity fluid dynamics technique, controlling the expansion and compression ratio of the working stream that leads to an effective dispersion of the nanomaterial in the matrix. The condensation of the injected steam creates high intensity and controllable cavitation, leading to effective dispersion of the graphitic nanomaterial. The dispersion is most preferably done in a medium that creates a repulsive potential to balance the attractive inter-graphitic layer potential.

A method and system of using a type of wave rotor to reform a hydrocarbon fluid using pressure waves within the wave rotor to reformulate a hydrocarbon fluid, such as methane or the like, into a lighter hydrocarbon, hydrogen, or, in some instances, hydrogen, partially decomposed hydrocarbon fluid and carbon solids.

Steam may be generated using an apparatus that creates shockwaves in a supersonic gaseous vortex. The apparatus includes a chamber configured to receive, pressurize, and heat fuel gas and/or oxygen containing gas. One or more inlets positioned at a first end of the chamber and arranged to emit fuel gas, oxygen containing gas, or water as one or more jet streams tangentially to an internal surface of the chamber may create a gaseous vortex rotating about a longitudinal axis within the chamber. The inlet(s) may include one or more inlet nozzles structured to accelerate the one or more fuel gas, oxygen-containing gas, or water to a supersonic velocity and adjustably control frequency of shockwaves emitted into the gaseous vortex. Water can be injected into the chamber to stabilize internal chamber temperature where it may be converted into steam. An outlet may be configured to emit product gases and/or steam from the chamber.