Bubble column reactor assemblies are provided, an assembly (100) comprising: a reactor vessel (102) comprising a bottom end and a top end. A pre-distributor plate (114) having a bottom surface and a top surface, disposed in the 5 reactor vessel (102) such that the bottom surface faces the bottom end of the reactor vessel (102). A gas distributor (106) is disposed below the pre-distributor plate (114) to receive and inject gas into a liquid prior to distribution of gas and liquid by the pre-distributor plate (114). The gas distributor (106) comprises: a common manifold (108) and a plurality of ring-shaped pipes disposed along a length of the 10 common manifold (108); and a plurality of nozzles disposed along an outer circumference of each ring-shaped pipe of the plurality of ring-shaped pipes to inject gas and create vortexes for uniform distribution of the gas in the liquid.

A device for online co-production of carbon-containing precursors and high-quality oxygen-containing fuels from biomass pyrolysis gas includes a spray polymerization reactor, where a biomass pyrolysis gas inlet and a polymerization agent inlet are provided on the spray polymerization reactor, an outlet of the spray polymerization reactor is connected to an inlet of a catalytic reactor, and an outlet of the catalytic reactor is connected to an inlet of a condenser; a spray pipe is arranged at a top in the spray polymerization reactor, and a detachable collector for collecting the carbon-containing precursors is mounted at a bottom of the spray polymerization reactor; and a catalyst is arranged in the catalytic reactor, such that micromolecular pyrolysis gas is catalytically converted into the high-quality oxygen-containing fuels.

According to one or more embodiments, a chemical feed distributor may include a chemical feed inlet, a body, a plurality of primary chemical feed outlets, and a secondary chemical feed outlet. The chemical feed inlet may pass a chemical feed stream into the chemical feed distributor. One or more walls of the body may define an elongated chemical feed stream flow path. The plurality of primary chemical feed outlets may be spaced along at least a portion of the length of the elongated chemical feed stream flow path and may be operable to pass a first portion of the chemical feed stream out of the feed distributor and into a vessel. The secondary chemical feed outlet may be downstream of the plurality of primary chemical feed outlets and may be operable to pass a second portion of the chemical feed stream out of the chemical feed distributor.

Processes and systems for dehydrogenating ethylbenzene may include mixing a steam stream and an ethylbenzene stream to form a feed mixture. The ethylbenzene/steam feed mixture may then be fed to a dehydrogenation reactor containing an alkali metal promoted catalyst. A liquid, selected from an alkali metal liquid, an alkali metal compound liquid, or a liquid solution comprising an alkali metal, may be injected into a feed stream, such as the steam stream, the ethylbenzene stream, or the ethylbenzene/steam feed mixture. Following injection, the liquid vaporizes and disperses into the feed stream upstream of the dehydrogenation reactor. The liquid may be maintained as a liquid from a point upstream of injection to an injection nozzle. The liquid is dispersed through the injection nozzle, in liquid form, to form droplets of liquid dispersed in the feed stream, which evaporate and/or dissolve into the vaporous feed stream.

A process for continuously upgrading heavy oil to produce light hydrocarbon gases which are recycled in the process as a carrier gas used in spark-discharge hydrocarbon cracking within the process. The process also produces light hydrocarbon liquids which are used to upgrade the heavy oil. An apparatus for continuously upgrading heavy oil to produce light hydrocarbon gases which are recycled in the as a carrier gas used in spark-discharge hydrocarbon cracking within the apparatus. The apparatus also produces light hydrocarbon liquids which are used to upgrade the heavy oil.

An extruder and valve system comprises a conduit for conveying a biomass stream using a plurality of injector assemblies to provide water or other fluids and/or steam for pretreatment. Each injector in the assembly is connected to a corresponding port in the extruder. The ports can be positioned at discrete locations of the extruder or beyond to deliver the appropriate amount of fluid or steam for the processing of biomass or other materials.

A process for continuously upgrading heavy oil to produce light hydrocarbon gases which are recycled in the process as a carrier gas used in spark-discharge hydrocarbon cracking within the process. The process also produces light hydrocarbon liquids which are used to upgrade the heavy oil. An apparatus for continuously upgrading heavy oil to produce light hydrocarbon gases which are recycled in the as a carrier gas used in spark-discharge hydrocarbon cracking within the apparatus. The apparatus also produces light hydrocarbon liquids which are used to upgrade the heavy oil.

A graphene manufacturing device using Joule heating includes: a chamber having a space provided therein so as to synthesize graphene; and a first roller portion and a second roller portion disposed inside the chamber to be spaced from each other such that same support a catalyst metal penetrating the interior of the chamber and are supplied with an electric current for graphene synthesis, thereby Joule-heating the catalyst metal. In order to compensate for a temperature deviation of the catalyst metal passing between the first roller portion and the second roller portion, a first area of the catalyst metal, which is close to the first roller portion, and a second area of the catalyst metal, which is close to the second roller portion, are disposed to have movement paths facing each other.

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are destroyed by oxidation in supercritical conditions. PFAS in water can be concentrated and prepared for destruction in a pretreatment phase. Following annihilation of the PFAS in supercritical conditions to levels below 5 parts per trillion (ppt), the water effluent can be used to recover heat, returned to sub-critical conditions, and then released back into the environment.

The invention includes a gas processing system for transforming a hydrocarbon-containing inflow gas into outflow gas products, where the system includes a gas delivery subsystem, a plasma reaction chamber, and a microwave subsystem, with the gas delivery subsystem in fluid communication with the plasma reaction chamber, so that the gas delivery subsystem directs the hydrocarbon-containing inflow gas into the plasma reaction chamber, and the microwave subsystem directs microwave energy into the plasma reaction chamber to energize the hydrocarbon-containing inflow gas, thereby forming a plasma in the plasma reaction chamber, which plasma effects the transformation of a hydrocarbon in the hydrocarbon-containing inflow gas into the outflow gas products, which comprise acetylene and hydrogen. The invention also includes methods for the use of the gas processing system.