A process includes periodically or continuously introducing an olefin monomer and periodically or continuously introducing a catalyst system or catalyst system components into a reaction mixture within a reaction system, oligomerizing the olefin monomer within the reaction mixture to form an oligomer product, and periodically or continuously discharging a reaction system effluent comprising the oligomer product from the reaction system. The reaction system includes a total reaction mixture volume and a heat exchanged portion of the reaction system comprising a heat exchanged reaction mixture volume and a total heat exchanged surface area providing indirect contact between the reaction mixture and a heat exchange medium. A ratio of the total heat exchanged surface area to the total reaction mixture volume within the reaction system is in a range from 0.75 in.sup.−1 to 5 in.sup.−1, and an oligomer product discharge rate from the reaction system is between 1.0 (lb)(hr.sup.−1)(gal.sup.−1) to 6.0 (lb)(hr.sup.−1)(gal.sup.−1).

The invention relates to a process for the oligomerization of ethylene, carried out at a pressure of between 0.1 and 10.0 MPa, at a temperature of between 30 and 200° C., in a cascade of N gas/liquid reactors in series, N being at least equal to 2, comprising a step of introducing a catalytic oligomerization system into at least the first reactor of the cascade, a step of bringing said catalytic system and an optional solvent into contact with ethylene by introducing said ethylene into the lower part of the reaction chamber of at least the first reactor of the cascade, for each reactor n, a step of withdrawing a liquid fraction in the lower part of the reaction chamber of the reactor n, the liquid fraction being separated into two streams: a first stream corresponding to a first, “main”, part of the liquid fraction, which is conveyed to a heat exchanger for cooling; a second stream corresponding to the second part of the liquid fraction which constitutes the liquid feedstock of the following reactor n+1 in the cascade, a step of introducing said second part of the liquid phase withdrawn from the reactor n towards the reaction chamber of the following reactor n+1 in the direction of flow, a step of cooling said first part of the liquid fraction withdrawn from the reactor n in step c) by passing said first part of the liquid fraction into a heat exchanger in order to obtain a cooled liquid fraction, a step of introducing said liquid fraction cooled in step e) at the top of the reaction chamber of said reactor n, the steps a) to f) being carried out, unless indicated otherwise, for each reactor n of the cascade, n being between 1 and N. The invention also relates to a device of N stirred gas/liquid reactors in a cascade, enabling the oligomerization process to be carried out.

In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for the oxidative coupling of methane to generate hydrocarbon compounds containing at least two carbon atoms (C.sub.2+ compounds). The method can include mixing a first gas stream comprising methane with a second gas stream comprising oxygen to form a third gas stream comprising methane and oxygen and performing an oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) reaction using the third gas stream to produce a product stream comprising one or more C.sub.2+ compounds.

The invention relates to a method and apparatus for in situ production of liquid nitrogen fertilizer and plasma activated water for agricultural nutrient management and irrigation water treatment. In the invention, there are two different kinds of plasma reactors operates in tandem.

The present invention relates to hydroformylation reaction processes. In one aspect, a hydroformylation reaction process comprises (a) contacting an olefin, hydrogen, and carbon monoxide in the presence of a homogeneous catalyst in a reactor to provide a reaction fluid, wherein the reactor comprises one or more reaction zones; (b) removing a portion of the reaction fluid from a first reaction zone; (c) passing at least a portion of the removed reaction fluid through a shear mixing apparatus to produce bubbles in the portion of the removed reaction fluid, wherein at least a portion of hydrogen and carbon monoxide provided to the reactor is introduced through the shear mixing apparatus; and (d) returning the removed reaction fluid to the first reaction zone through one or more nozzles wherein the returning reaction fluid exiting each nozzle is a jet, wherein the mixing energy density provided to the reactor by the jets is greater than or equal to 500 Watts/m.sup.3.

A method for uniformly distributing a process liquid within a process vessel includes providing a process liquid to a fouling-resistant liquid distributor installed within a process vessel having a cross-sectional area; causing rotational movement of the fouling-resistant liquid distributor; uniformly distributing the process liquid over the cross-sectional area within the process vessel; and simultaneously self-rinsing the fouling-resistant liquid distributor with a portion of the process liquid during uniform distribution. A system is also disclosed which includes a supply of process fluid, a stationary conduit and a liquid distribution head attached to the conduit. The liquid distribution head is motive, powered by a fluid, and includes at least one process liquid delivery port. The at least one process liquid delivery port is configured to provide a +10 or greater angle of liquid coverage when the liquid distribution head is moving.

The disclosure is directed to the use of an upflow reactor for producing a dihydroxy compound, to a method for producing a dihydroxy compound, and to a method for manufacturing polycarbonate. The upflow reactor for producing a dihydroxy compound of the disclosure comprises: a vessel; a catalyst bed disposed in said vessel; a distributor in fluid communication with an inlet through which reactants are introduced to said distributor, said distributor being disposed at a lower end of said vessel and comprising distributor perforation(s) disposed in said distributor, at least part of which distributor perforations are in a direction facing away from said catalyst bed; and a collector through which said product dihydroxy compound is removed, said collector being disposed at an upper end of said vessel.

The present invention relates to an oligomerization process using a reaction device comprising a dispersion means. In particular, the process relates to the oligomerization of ethylene to give linear -olefins, such as 1-butene, 1-hexene or 1-octene, or a mixture of linear alpha-olefins.

A hydrogen generator can include, in some aspects, a reaction chamber configured to contain a reagent; a supply water tank; water conduit tubing provided inside the reaction chamber, the water conduit tubing including a water conduit tubing inlet being fluidically connected to the supply water tank and a water conduit tubing outlet; a water dispenser provided inside the reaction chamber, the water dispenser including a water dispenser inlet being fluidically connected to the water conduit tubing outlet and a surface with a plurality of water outlet channels; a water pump; an electric power supply; a controller adapted to activate the water pump for transferring water through the hydrogen generator for interacting with the reagent in the reaction chamber to generate hydrogen gas, and a hydrogen collector provided inside the reaction chamber, the hydrogen collector including a surface with a plurality of gas inlet channels for receiving the hydrogen gas.

A method for preparing cyclododecene and a synthesis device therefor, of the present invention, remarkably increase the conversion ratio of cyclododecatriene and selectivity of cyclododecene, can minimize the costs required for equipment and processing, are practical, reduce processing time, and are industrially advantageous to mass production in comparison with a conventional method and device.