A process and apparatus for manufacture of biocide products are described. The biocide properties arise from the caustic calcined powder, from carbonates such as such as magnesite and dolomite, and from hydroxides such as brucite. The method of manufacture is based on the production of high surface area oxide particles using an indirectly heated counterflow reactors for specifically calcining the carbonates and the hydroxides without significant sintering. The biocide products may be a powder or a hydrated slurry. A hydrated slurry is preferred for agriculatural applications as a spray. For aquaculture applications, the products have a preferred particle size distribution to impact the aquatic and benthic ecosystems, and a Ca/Mg ratio that promotes the growth of the cultivates species when applied as a powder or a slurry. For applications such as a marine paint, the powder product or the slurry product is mixed with various agents to form a setting coating, and is applied to the infrastructure that is otherwise subject to biofilm growth.

A method for producing a synthetic fuel from hydrogen and carbon dioxide comprises extracting hydrogen molecules from hydrogen compounds in a hydrogen feedstock to produce a hydrogen-containing fluid stream; extracting carbon dioxide molecules from a dilute gaseous mixture in a carbon dioxide feedstock to produce a carbon dioxide containing fluid stream; and processing the hydrogen and carbon dioxide containing fluid streams to produce a synthetic fuel. At least some thermal energy and/or material used for at least one of the steps of extracting hydrogen molecules, extracting carbon dioxide molecules, and processing the hydrogen and carbon dioxide containing fluid streams is obtained from thermal energy and/or material produced by another one of the steps of extracting hydrogen molecules, extracting carbon dioxide molecules, and processing the hydrogen and carbon dioxide containing fluid streams.

Injection device (56) for discharging a gas (54), in particular a process gas (54), onto a material (12), in particular onto a battery cathode material (14) that is to be calcined, having at least one inlet (58) through which the gas (54) can be supplied to the injection device (56), and at least one outlet (60) through which the gas (54) can be discharged from the injection device (56), the inlet and outlet being connected to one another by a flow path (62) for the gas (54). According to the invention, the flow path (62) has a heat exchanger (64) with a heat exchanger housing (68) which is accessible from the outside for an ambient atmosphere (66) and in which a duct arrangement (70) is integrated. The duct arrangement (70) comprises a first flow duct (72.1) and a second flow duct (72.2) between which there is formed a redirection region (74.1) such that the gas (54) can flow through the first and second flow duct (72.1, 72.2) in different main flow directions. The invention further relates to a process gas system (52) for supplying a gas (54) and to a device (10) and a method for the thermal or thermo-chemical treatment of material.

A process for producing a catalytically active multielement oxide comprising the elements Mo, W, V and Cu, wherein at least one source of the elemental constituents W of the multielement oxide is used to produce an aqueous solution, the resultant aqueous solution is admixed with sources of the elemental constituents Mo and V of the multielement oxide, drying of the resultant aqueous solution produces a powder P, the resultant powder P is optionally used to produce geometric shaped precursor bodies, and the powder P is or the geometric shaped precursor bodies are subjected to thermal treatment to form the catalytically active composition, wherein the aqueous solution used for drying comprises from 1.6% to 5.0% by weight of W and from 7.2% to 26.0% by weight of Mo, based in each case on the total amount of aqueous solution.

The invention provides a powder-gas heat exchanger for exchanging heat between a powder stream and a gas stream in counter-current flow comprising a powder stream mass flow rate substantially equal to a gas stream mass flow rate in a vertical shaft heat exchanger. A hot gas stream may be adapted for use in heating a cool solids stream, or a cool gas stream may be adapted for use in cooling a hot solids stream.

Processes for producing activated chromium catalysts such as chromium/silica catalysts and titanated chromium/silica catalysts are disclosed, and these processes utilize a multistep process involving exposure to inert and oxidizing atmospheres at specific temperature conditions. The resulting activated chromium catalysts have unexpectedly high melt index potential and can produce ethylene-based polymers with lower gel counts in addition to higher melt indices. Related activation systems are provided in which the fluidizing gas entering the fluidized bed vessel can be adjusted between an inert gas, an oxygen-containing gas, or a mixture of the inert gas and the oxygen-containing gas to minimize or prevent exotherms.

The invention provides a powder-gas heat exchanger for exchanging heat between a powder stream and a gas stream in counter-current flow comprising a powder stream mass flow rate substantially equal to a gas stream mass flow rate in a vertical shaft heat exchanger. A hot gas stream may be adapted for use in heating a cool solids stream, or a cool gas stream may be adapted for use in cooling a hot solids stream.

A method for producing burnt end products from an educt (starting raw materials) of carbonate-containing materials involves preheating the educt using heat recovered from the reaction. The educt and a fluidizing medium including steam are input into a first reaction zone. Heat is transferred to the first reaction zone using mechanical components so as to heat the first reaction zone to a predetermined temperature range for a predetermined time period. The educt is burned in the first reaction zone over the predetermined time period during which the first reaction zone is maintained within the predetermined temperature range. The hot gases that form in the first reaction zone include CO.sub.2 and steam. Hot end product is discharged from the first reaction zone after the predetermined time period elapses. Heat contained in the hot gases and end product that are discharged from the first reaction zone is used to preheat the educt.

A method for producing a synthetic fuel from hydrogen and carbon dioxide comprises extracting hydrogen molecules from hydrogen compounds in a hydrogen feedstock to produce a hydrogen-containing fluid stream; extracting carbon dioxide molecules from a dilute gaseous mixture in a carbon dioxide feedstock to produce a carbon dioxide containing fluid stream; and processing the hydrogen and carbon dioxide containing fluid streams to produce a synthetic fuel. At least some thermal energy and/or material used for at least one of the steps of extracting hydrogen molecules, extracting carbon dioxide molecules, and processing the hydrogen and carbon dioxide containing fluid streams is obtained from thermal energy and/or material produced by another one of the steps of extracting hydrogen molecules, extracting carbon dioxide molecules, and processing the hydrogen and carbon dioxide containing fluid streams.