An apparatus is provided for processing reusable fuel comprising: a continuous material supply assembly; a heated airlock feeder configured to continuously receive and process the material supply received therein; a reactor configured to receive the processed material from the heated airlock feeder; and a vapor refining system configured to process vapor supplied by the reactor. The apparatus may comprise a char disposal system configured to eliminate char from the reactor. The apparatus may also comprise a thermal expansion system configured to allow thermal expansion of the reactor. A cooling system may be configured to receive processed fuel from the reactor.

A device for distribution of solid particles for loading a vessel with solid particles, comprising: a solid particle feed hopper, a rotating member and a drive member coupled to said rotating member to drive in rotation said rotating member, a set of at least one deflector element, each deflector element extending in its longitudinal direction between a first end and a second end, and being carried by said rotating member at its first end, where, at least one deflector element of said set is rigid and mounted to pivot on the rotating member at its first end, the device further comprises remotely actuatable deployment means adapted to drive at least one deflector element mounted to pivot on the rotating member so as to cause it to pivot from a position for introduction into the vessel to an erected, particle deviation position independent of the rotation speed of the rotating member.

A system and method for preparing a high-purity vanadium electrolyte, comprising preparing a low-valence vanadium oxide with vanadium oxytrichloride by ammonium salt precipitation and fluidization reduction, and preparing the high-purity vanadium electrolyte at a low temperature by adding a sulfuric acid solution and clean water under the conditions of ultrasound-assisted dissolution and activation. Efficient utilization of heat is achieved through heat exchange between the ammonium salt and the reduction tail gas and heat exchange between the reduction product and fluidized nitrogen gas. Ammonia gas in the reduction tail gas is recovered for precipitation of vanadium to achieve the recycling of ammonia gas. An internal member is arranged in the reduction fluidized bed to realize the precise regulation of the valence state of the reduction product. Furthermore, ultrasound-assisted dissolution and activation are employed to prepare the vanadium electrolyte at a low temperature, thereby improving the activity of the electrolyte.

A system and method for producing a 3.5-valence high-purity vanadium electrolyte, comprising hydrolyzing high-purity vanadium oxytrichloride into vanadium pentoxide in a fluidized bed, and reducing vanadium pentoxide into a low-valence vanadium oxide having an average vanadium valence of 3.5 adding water and a sulfuric acid solution under a microwave field applied externally for dissolution at a low temperature, to obtain a 3.5-valence high-purity vanadium electrolyte. The preparation of vanadium pentoxide by means of gas-phase hydrolysis in the fluidized bed is of short process and high efficiency. By providing an internal member within the reduction fluidized bed, the precise regulation of the valence state of the reduction product is achieved, and the special chemical effect of the microwave field is used to promote dissolution of the vanadium oxide and activate the vanadium ions, thereby greatly improving the activity of the electrolyte.

An apparatus for enhancing phase contact and chemical reactions is provided. The apparatus comprises at least one first high-turbulence mixing stage and at least one second high-shear-stress and high-cavitation stage. The stages are adapted to cause an increase in the relative sliding speeds of the phases involved in a multiphase flow passing through the stages.

A naphtha reforming reactor system comprising a first reactor comprising a first inlet and a first outlet, wherein the first reactor is configured to operate as an adiabatic reactor, and wherein the first reactor comprises a first naphtha reforming catalyst; and a second reactor comprising a second inlet and a second outlet, wherein the second inlet is in fluid communication with the first outlet of the first reactor, wherein the second reactor is configured to operate as an isothermal reactor, and wherein the second reactor comprises a plurality of tubes disposed within a reactor furnace, a heat source configured to heat the interior of the reactor furnace; and a second naphtha reforming catalyst disposed within the plurality of tubes, wherein the first naphtha reforming catalyst and the second naphtha reforming catalyst are the same or different.

The machinery and methods disclosed herein are based on the use of a specialized extruder configured to continuously convey and plasticize/moltenize selected lignocellulosic biomass and/or waste plastic materials into a novel variable volume tubular reactor, wherein the plasticized/moltenized material undergoes reaction with circumferentially injected supercritical waterthereby yielding valuable simple sugar solutions and/or liquid hydrocarbon mixtures (e.g., neodiesel), both of which are key chemical commodity products. The reaction time may be adjusted by changing the reactor volume. The machinery includes four zones: (1) a feedstock conveyance and plasticization/moltenization zone; (2) a steam generation and manifold distribution zone; (3) a central supercritical water reaction zone; and (4) a pressure let-down and reaction product separation zone. The machinery and methods minimize water usagethereby enabling the economic utilization of abundant biomass and waste plastics as viable renewable feedstocks for subsequent conversion into alternative liquid transportation fuels and valuable green-chemical products.

A method of producing a composite product is provided. The method includes providing a fluidized bed of metal oxide particles in a fluidized bed reactor, providing a catalyst or catalyst precursor in the fluidized bed reactor, providing a carbon source in the fluidized bed reactor for growing carbon nanotubes, growing carbon nanotubes in a carbon nanotube growth zone of the fluidized bed reactor, and collecting a composite product comprising metal oxide particles and carbon nanotubes.

A method of transferring a slurry is provided. The method involves transferring a slurry containing particles and a liquid using a transfer pump equipped with a ball type check valve. The transfer pump is operated under the condition satisfying the following formula: 7.810.sup.3<P5.010.sup.5. In the formula, P=W(.sub.1/(.sub.b.sub.1)).sup.0.5/(C.Math.d(d+R)R.sup.0.5). W represents the particle flow rate (kg/hr) in the slurry passing through the ball type check valve, C represents the particle concentration (kg/m3) in the slurry, d represents the maximum particle diameter (m) of the particles in the slurry, R represents the ball diameter (m) of the check valve, 1 represents the density (kg/m3) of the liquid, and pb represents the density (kg/m.sup.3) of the ball of the check valve.

An apparatus for producing lightweight aggregates is provided that includes an elongate furnace vessel with a delivery end for receiving particulate matter feedstock to be processed and a downstream particulate matter discharge end for discharging processed particulate matter as lightweight aggregates. A perforated distributor plate is positioned in the vessel. A fluidized bed zone is defined above the plate that has an upstream heating section for converting the particulate matter into processed particulate matter due to exposure of pressurized combustion gases and a downstream cooling section for cooling the processed particulate matter. Below the plate is a heating compartment for delivering the combustion gases through the plate into the heating section and a cooling compartment for delivering cooling air through the plate into the cooling section to cool the particulate matter processed in the upstream heating section. A downstream airflow-inducing apparatus is provided for inducing a flow of the feedstock entrained in the airflow downstream from the heating section into the cooling section of the vessel. A discharge apparatus is provided for discharging the processed particulate matter from the vessel in a suspended condition in a fluidizing air stream.