The present disclosure is directed to an apparatus and a compact riser separation system for separating a gaseous mixture from a stream of particles entering from a central riser reactor used for cracking a hydrocarbon feed with the stream of particles. The apparatus provides improved gas solid separation efficiency and maximize containment of the hydrocarbon and minimize residence time in the separation system and thereby minimizing undesired post riser cracking reactions.

Apparatus and processes herein provide for converting hydrocarbon feeds to light olefins and other hydrocarbons. The processes and apparatus include, in some embodiments, feeding a hydrocarbon, a first catalyst and a second catalyst to a reactor, wherein the first catalyst has a smaller average particle size and is less dense than the second catalyst. A first portion of the second catalyst may be recovered as a bottoms product from the reactor, and a cracked hydrocarbon effluent, a second portion of the second catalyst, and the first catalyst may be recovered as an overhead product from the reactor. The second portion of the second catalyst may be separated from the overhead product, providing a first stream comprising the first catalyst and the hydrocarbon effluent and a second stream comprising the separated second catalyst, allowing return of the separated second catalyst in the second stream to the reactor.

Systems for separating a contaminant trapping additive from a cracking catalyst may include a contaminant removal vessel having one or more fluid connections for receiving contaminated cracking catalyst, contaminated contaminant trapping additive, fresh contaminant trapping additive, and a fluidizing gas. In the contaminant removal vessel, the spent catalyst may be contacted with contaminant trapping additive, which may have an average particle size and/or density greater than the cracking catalyst. A separator may be provided for separating an overhead stream from the contaminant removal vessel into a first stream comprising cracking catalyst and lifting gas and a second stream comprising contaminant trapping additive. A recycle line may be used for transferring contaminant trapping additive recovered in the second separator to the contaminant removal vessel, allowing contaminant trapping additive to accumulate in the contaminant removal vessel. A bottoms product line may provide for recovering contaminant trapping additive from the contaminant removal vessel.

A particle separating catalytic reactor comprising a kinetic particle separator.

The invention relates to a termination device (10) of a tubular reactor (1) comprising at least one separation element (11) adapted for the separation of solid particles and gaseous effluents and at least one coupling element (12) that is part of an end of said tubular reactor, said separation element being connected to said coupling element, characterized in that each element of the termination device is made of ceramic material.

The invention also relates to a tubular reactor (1), having a vertical or substantially vertical axis, of a fluid catalytic cracking unit equipped with a termination device according to the invention and to a corresponding fluid catalytic cracking unit.

An improved process and an improved apparatus for minimizing attrition of catalyst particles, especially propane dehydrogenation catalyst particles, entrained in a combined flow of such particles and an entraining gas in a catalyst recovery means during separation of such particles from the entraining gas, by use of a pre-treatment step in which the combined flow is at a rate between 7.6 and 15.2 meters per second are provided.

The invention relates to an orifice chamber (18) designed to expand a gas, in particular intended for a fluid catalytic cracking unit, said orifice chamber comprising the following elements:

a chamber (181) having an axis (X),

an inlet duct (182) that opens into the chamber (181),

an outlet duct (183) located on the opposite side from the inlet duct following said axis (X), and

a plurality of internal plates (184) positioned crosswise to the axis (X) inside the chamber at a distance from one another along the axis (X), each internal plate (184) being provided with a plurality of through-orifices (185), characterized in that at least the plurality of internal plates is made of a ceramic material.

The present invention relates to an integrated hydro-processing reaction vessel which comprises of all the reactor, separator and stabilization sections integrated in a single vessel or system for hydro-processing of low boiling vapour phase hydrocarbon feed; as primary stream undergoing multitude of mass transfer stages with the heavy boiling liquid phase hydrocarbon feed; as secondary stream.

Disclosed is an alkane dehydrogenation circulating device, including a reaction device and a regeneration device. The reaction device includes a reactor and a reaction disengager, the reaction disengager is communicated with the reactor, and the reactor is provided with a catalyst distributor through which a catalyst is sprayed into the reactor along a direction from the peripheral wall of the reactor to the central axis of the reactor; the regeneration device includes a regenerator accommodating the catalyst and a regeneration disengager located above the regenerator.

Herein provided are composite materials comprising a phenyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) and one or more metals. The composite materials may contain metal oxides, such as copper and zinc oxide. The composite materials may be used for catalysis, such as in CO.sub.2 hydrogenation. Methods of forming and using the composite materials are also provided.