A reactor for performing equilibrium-reduced reactions, includes a tubular reactor housing in which a first zone is arranged, through which a liquid absorbent flows, and which extends in the longitudinal direction of the tube. Aa second zone is arranged for receiving a catalyst material and also extends in the longitudinal direction of the tube. The first zone and the second zone are separated by a gas-permeable separation zone. The separation zone has a mechanically self-supporting structure and the aspect ratio of the tubular reactor housing along a reaction zone is greater than 6.

Herein are described apparatus and processes for the preparation of cannabinoids, such as cannabidiol (CBD) and derivatives thereof. The apparatus and processes described can be used for the one-step, flow-mediated synthesis of cannabidiol and derivatives with improved overall yield, material throughput, and product purity relative to batch processes.

A two-reactor catalytic system including a catalytic membrane gasification reactor and a catalytic membrane water gas shift reactor. The catalytic system, for converting biomass to hydrogen gas, features a novel gasification reactor containing both hollow fiber membranes that selectively allow O.sub.2 to permeate therethrough and a catalyst that facilitates tar reformation. Also disclosed is a process of converting biomass to H2. The process includes the steps of, among others, introducing air into a hollow fiber membrane; mixing the O.sub.2 permeating through the hollow fiber membrane and steam to react with biomass to produce syngas and tar; and reforming the tar in the presence of a catalyst to produce more syngas.

Disclosed herein is a solar reactor comprising a reactor member; an aperture for receiving solar radiation, the aperture being disposed in a plane on a wall of the reactor member, where the plane is oriented at any angle other than parallel relative to the centerline of the reactor member; a plurality of absorber tubes, wherein the absorber tubes are oriented such that their respective centerlines are at an angle other than 90° relative to the centerline of the reactor member; and wherein the aperture has a hydraulic diameter that is from 0.2 to 4 times a hydraulic diameter of at least one absorber tube in the plurality of absorber tubes; and a reactive material, the reactive material being disposed in the plurality of absorber tubes.

A process for direct compression of hydrogen separated from a hydrocarbon source is described herein. The process comprises a first zone wherein a hydrocarbon reaction that produce hydrogen occurs, a ceramic proton conductor which under an applied electric field transport hydrogen from said first zone to said second zone, and a second zone where compressed hydrogen is produced. The heat energy generated by ohmic resistance in the membrane is partially recuperated as chemical energy in the hydrocarbon reforming process to generate hydrogen.

A new process for the decomposition of hydrocarbon feed stream(s) that achieves the conversion of a hydrocarbon feed stream to hydrogen and filamentous carbon, with minimal resulting production of carbon oxides is described herein. In this invention it is proposed to achieve the hydrocarbon conversion by the use of dual fluidized bed reaction zones, fluidly connected, for (i). hydrocarbon reaction (the reactor) and (ii). catalyst regeneration and heating (the regenerator) and to use a transition metal supported catalyst to achieve high hydrocarbon conversion and to produce high quality filamentous carbon.

Herein are described apparatus and processes for the preparation of cannabinoids, such as cannabidiol (CBD) and derivatives thereof. The apparatus and processes described can be used for the one-step, flow-mediated synthesis of cannabidiol and derivatives with improved overall yield, material throughput, and product purity relative to batch processes.

The present invention is directed to a membrane reactor for the hydrogenation of carbon dioxide, said membrane reactor comprising a reaction compartment (2) comprising a catalyst bed, a permeate compartment (4) and a membrane separating the reaction compartment and the permeate compartment, wherein said permeate compartment comprises a condensing surface.

A method for co-production of high purity dimethyl carbonate and mono-ethylene glycol by applying a reactor, such as a membrane reactor and/or an adsorbent-catalytic reactor by capturing and reacting carbon dioxide with methanol and ethylene oxide. Carbon dioxide may be recovered from primary sources (utilities and industrial processes) by a membrane or solid adsorbent, and subsequently converted to an intermediate hydroxy-ethyl-methyl carbonate by reacting with ethylene oxide and methanol. For high-purity carbon dioxide (obtained by carbon capture technologies or from an ethanol fermentation process), the membrane reactor is replaced with a catalytic reactor for direct conversion of carbon dioxide to hydroxy-ethyl-methyl carbonate by reacting with ethylene oxide and methanol. The hydro-ethyl-methyl carbonate is further reacted with methanol for conversion to dimethyl carbonate. A combination of heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysts is implemented for an effective conversion of carbon dioxide. An integrated reactive distillation process using side reactors is used for facilitating catalytic reaction for production of high purity dimethyl carbonate.

Disclosed herein is a solar reactor comprising a reactor member; an aperture for receiving solar radiation, the aperture being disposed in a plane on a wall of the reactor member, where the plane is oriented at any angle other than parallel relative to the centerline of the reactor member; a plurality of absorber tubes, wherein the absorber tubes are oriented such that their respective centerlines are at an angle other than 90 relative to the centerline of the reactor member; and wherein the aperture has a hydraulic diameter that is from 0.2 to 4 times a hydraulic diameter of at least one absorber tube in the plurality of absorber tubes; and a reactive material, the reactive material being disposed in the plurality of absorber tubes.