A system for converting cellulosic feedstock to sugar is provided. The system comprises a biomass hopper configured to accept raw material, a conveying tube with a conveying screw configured to separate and transport the raw material, a product heater proximate the conveying screw tube, a drop chute in communication with the conveying screw, and a crusher assembly configured to receive the raw material and defining a reaction zone, grind raw material under pressure to induce a solid-solid chemical reaction to produce the sugar, wherein the crusher assembly comprises a pair of rollers configured to crush the raw material therebetween.

A hydrogen generation apparatus applies a solid hydrogen carrier on a surface of a conveyance member by an application apparatus, and ejects a solution containing water onto the hydrogen carrier applied on the surface by an ejection apparatus. Then, hydrogen generated by a reaction between the hydrogen carrier and the solution on the surface is collected by a hydrogen collection apparatus. A byproduct generated by the reaction between the hydrogen carrier and the solution on the surface is collected by a byproduct collection apparatus. A hydrogen carrier regulated amount maintaining portion adjusts the replenishment amount of the hydrogen carrier from a replenishment container to a storage portion of the application apparatus to maintain the hydrogen carrier in the storage portion within a predetermined range.

The present invention relates to a process for the polymerization of olefin monomers in the presence of a catalyst system, using a tubular pre-polymerization reactor, wherein the tubular pre-polymerization reactor has a length L and the flow of a catalyst system is introduced in the tubular pre-polymerization reactor in the middle (30-70% of L) or the end (70-95% of L) of the tubular pre-polymerization reactor.

The disclosure provides a flushing process for removing polymer fouling from a reactor including a gas distributor proximal to the bottom thereof and an internal condenser proximal to the top thereof, the method including, for a first flushing time period, injecting a flushing solvent into the reactor and withdrawing the flushing solvent from a reactor outlet proximal to the internal condenser to induce an upward movement of flushing solvent, the withdrawn flushing solvent containing a first polymer content. After the first flushing time period is complete, for a second flushing time period, the process includes injecting a flushing solvent into the reactor and withdrawing the flushing solvent from a reactor outlet proximal to the gas distributor to induce a downward movement of flushing solvent, the withdrawn flushing solvent containing a second polymer content.

A hydrolysis system includes a hydrolysis furnace and a pressure relief device. The hydrolysis furnace has a reaction space therein, and a ventilation hole spatially communicating with the reaction space. The pressure relief device includes a pressure relief tube connected to the hydrolysis furnace, adjacent to the ventilation hole, extending in an up-down direction, and defining a first tube space that spatially communicates with the ventilation hole. The pressure relief device further includes at least one auxiliary tube disposed at an end portion of the pressure relief tube opposite to the hydrolysis furnace in the up-down direction, extending in a left-right direction that is substantially perpendicular to the up-down direction, and defining a second tube space that spatially communicates with the ventilation hole.

Methods for detecting incipient sheeting in a polyolefin gas phase reactor. The method can include flowing one or more monomer gases through a first tubular protruding through a reactor wall, flowing one or more monomer gases through a second tubular protruding through the reactor wall, wherein the first tubular is located within the second tubular, and measuring a pressure differential of the monomer gases flowing through the first and second tubulars. Based on the measured pressure differential, incipient sheeting within the reactor can be detected and one or more redial measures can be employed to control or reverse the sheeting.

Slurry flow valves may be used to control flow in a gas-phase polymerization reactor. For example, a system may include at least three injection nozzles fluidly connected to a gas-phase polymerization reactor, wherein the at least three injection nozzles are configured to carry' a modified catalyst slurry; at least three lines connected to the at least three injection nozzles, wherein the at least-three lines comprise a first line connected to a first injection nozzle, a second line connected to a second injection nozzle, and a third line connected to a third injection nozzle; and at least three slurry? flow valves in contact with the at least three lines, wherein the at least three slurry flow valves comprise a first slurry flow valve, a second slurry flow valve, and a third slurry' flow valve. Preferably, the valves can each be independently controlled to regulate flow therethrough.

Methods and reactor systems are provided for extracting metals, such as nickel, cobalt, and iron, from reduced, activated metal compounds (feed materials). Feed materials may be derived from mixed hydroxide precipitate. Feed materials and carbon monoxide gas are delivered into an extraction reactor of a reactor system, such as a shell tube heat exchanger. A flow path therein directs the feed material downward and the carbon monoxide gas upward, enabling contact therebetween, forming at least one metal carbonyl gas and a solid residue therein. The flow path further directs the upward flow of metal carbonyl gases, and the downward flow of the residue. Methods and reactor systems may further purge the residue: using nitric oxide to convert any remaining dicobalt octacarbonyl therein to cobalt tricarbonyl nitrosyl gas; using an inert gas to removing any cobalt tricarbonyl nitrosyl therein; and using an inert gas-oxygen mixture, to form a passivated residue.