A reactor for coating particles includes a stationary vacuum chamber to hold a bed of particles to be coated, a vacuum port in an upper portion of the chamber, a chemical delivery system configured to inject a reactant or precursor gas into a lower portion of the chamber, a paddle assembly, and a motor to rotate a drive shaft of the paddle assembly. The lower portion of the chamber forms a half-cylinder. The paddle assembly includes a rotatable drive shaft extending through the chamber along the axial axis of the half cylinder, and a plurality of paddles extending radially from the drive shaft such that rotation of the drive shaft by the motor orbits the plurality of paddles about the drive shaft.

A reactor comprising a first portion having a generally cylindrical housing, an inlet at one end of said first portion housing, the opposed end of said first portion housing being the outlet of said first portion, where said first portion includes a rotatable shaft positioned axially within said housing and including at least two shearing paddles extending radially from said rotatable shaft and a second portion having a generally frustoconical housing having a first end larger than a second end, said first end constituting an inlet to said second portion and coextensive with said opposed end of said first portion housing, and an outlet at said second end, where said second portion includes a rotatable shaft positioned axially within said housing and including at least one generally helical flight extending radially from said rotatable shaft.

A reactor comprising a first portion having a generally cylindrical housing, an inlet at one end of said first portion housing, the opposed end of said first portion housing being the outlet of said first portion, where said first portion includes a rotatable shaft positioned axially within said housing and including at least two shearing paddles extending radially from said rotatable shaft and a second portion having a generally frustoconical housing having a first end larger than a second end, said first end constituting an inlet to said second portion and coextensive with said opposed end of said first portion housing, and an outlet at said second end, where said second portion includes a rotatable shaft positioned axially within said housing and including at least one generally helical flight extending radially from said rotatable shaft.

Devices and methods for the high-pressure treatment of bulk material by extraction and/or impregnation. The bulk material is arranged in the interior volume of a pressure vessel device and is treated at a high pressure while sealed off from the surroundings. The high-pressure treatment is performed batchwise in a closed system in the pressure vessel device in a pressure-tight fashion. The bulk material is fed batchwise to the interior volume with the pressure vessel device closed and being arranged on at least one treatment level and, after the high-pressure treatment has occurred, being discharged batchwise from the interior volume with the pressure vessel device closed. The invention furthermore relates to the use of a supporting tray module with at least one treatment level for the high-pressure treatment in a closed system.

A method for preparing methyl methacrylate from methacrolein and methanol; said method comprising contacting in a reactor a mixture comprising methacrolein, methanol and oxygen with a catalyst bed of heterogeneous catalyst comprising a support and a noble metal, wherein mass transfer rate of oxygen in hour.sup.1 divided by space-time yield in moles methyl methacrylate/kg.Math.catalyst hour in the catalyst bed is at least 20.

A method for preparing methyl methacrylate from methacrolein and methanol; said method comprising contacting in a reactor a mixture comprising methacrolein, methanol and oxygen with a catalyst bed of heterogeneous catalyst comprising a support and a noble metal, wherein mass transfer rate of oxygen in hour.sup.1 divided by space-time yield in moles methyl methacrylate/kg.Math.catalyst hour in the catalyst bed is at least 20.

An apparatus for producing water-absorbing resin particles for which surface cross-linking treatment is conducted, the surface cross-linking treatment being conducted by spraying a surface cross-linking agent to a water-absorbing resin particle precursor and heating the agent and the precursor, the apparatus includes a treatment container in which the surface cross-linking treatment is conducted, a stirring device including a stirring member disposed in the treatment container, a heating device that heats an inside of the treatment container; and a spray nozzle disposed in the treatment container, the spray nozzle spraying into the treatment container the surface cross-linking agent supplied from a surface cross-linking agent supply source in an exterior of the treatment container through a supply pipe. In a flow path in the spray nozzle spanning from an entrance of the spray nozzle to a spray exit, a point whose opening cross-section is smallest in a flow path through which a fluid passes is the spray exit. A product with further stable physical properties can thereby be acquired.

An apparatus for producing water-absorbing resin particles for which surface cross-linking treatment is conducted, the surface cross-linking treatment being conducted by spraying a surface cross-linking agent to a water-absorbing resin particle precursor and heating the agent and the precursor, the apparatus includes a treatment container in which the surface cross-linking treatment is conducted, a stirring device including a stirring member disposed in the treatment container, a heating device that heats an inside of the treatment container; and a spray nozzle disposed in the treatment container, the spray nozzle spraying into the treatment container the surface cross-linking agent supplied from a surface cross-linking agent supply source in an exterior of the treatment container through a supply pipe. In a flow path in the spray nozzle spanning from an entrance of the spray nozzle to a spray exit, a point whose opening cross-section is smallest in a flow path through which a fluid passes is the spray exit. A product with further stable physical properties can thereby be acquired.

The present disclosure relates to scalable processes for extracting, refining and fracationating extracts of natural products, such as plant material and for providing well controlled refined extracts.

A hydrogenation method for increasing the yield of cyclohexane-1,4-dicarboxylic acid diisooctyl ester is provided. The hydrogenation method uses a hydrogenating reaction tank, which is equipped with a hollow-shaft gas-introducing mixer having air-extracting, air-exhausting and mixing functions, to allow hydrogen gas to be uniformly dispersed in a reaction solution. A ruthenium-on-alumina (Ru/Al.sub.2O.sub.3) hydrogenation catalyst can be used for carrying out a hydrogenation reaction under gentle conditions. Therefore, the hydrogenation catalyst can be used in a reduced amount, the risk of side reaction(s) can be reduced, and the yield of cyclohexane-1,4-dicarboxylic acid diisooctyl ester can reach at least 99% with a cis isomer proportion of at least 85.0%. The hydrogenation method shows extremely high economic benefit.