The invention relates to a process for conversion of a feedstock comprising solid particles into at least a gaseous compound in a reactor comprising a vertically extending swirl chamber comprising a conical upper part with a decreasing diameter in upward direction, at least one tangential inlet at the bottom of the swirl chamber, and an outlet at the upper end of the swirl chamber, wherein the process is selected from pyrolysis, allothermal gasification or carbonization of a carbonaceous feedstock. The invention further relates to a process for conversion of a feedstock comprising solid particles into at least one or more gaseous compounds in such reactor.

An apparatus and method sinters or partially sinters green pellets in a selected temperature range to make proppant particles as the green pellets pass through a first central portion of the first vortex gas flow and exit the second end of the first cylindrical vessel and/or pass through a second central portion of the second vortex flow and exit the fourth end of the second cylindrical vessel.

An apparatus and method sinters or partially sinters green pellets in a selected temperature range to make proppant particles as the green pellets pass through a first central portion of the first vortex gas flow and exit the second end of the first cylindrical vessel and/or pass through a second central portion of the second vortex flow and exit the fourth end of the second cylindrical vessel.

A gas delivery system and method for delivering reactants such as a first gas through a first conduit and a second gas through at least one second conduit, for example, through a plurality of second conduits. The plurality of second conduits may each have a length, wherein at least a portion of the length is entirely disposed within the first conduit. In an implementation, the first conduit may deliver carbon monoxide and the one or more second conduits may deliver carbon monoxide doped with a catalyst such as iron pentacarbonyl. The first and second gases may be introduced into a reaction vessel such as a reactor chamber and used to form carbon nanotubes.

A gas delivery system and method for delivering reactants such as a first gas through a first conduit and a second gas through at least one second conduit, for example, through a plurality of second conduits. The plurality of second conduits may each have a length, wherein at least a portion of the length is entirely disposed within the first conduit. In an implementation, the first conduit may deliver carbon monoxide and the one or more second conduits may deliver carbon monoxide doped with a catalyst such as iron pentacarbonyl. The first and second gases may be introduced into a reaction vessel such as a reactor chamber and used to form carbon nanotubes.

Vortex arc reactor apparatus and method provide a nozzle with converging, throat, and diverging portions. Input structure inputs a reactant and an oxidant into the converging portion. Ignition structure ignites the input reactant and oxidant. A vortex-creating structure creates a vortex of the ignited reactant and oxidant in the converging portion. The input structure, the vortex-creating structure, and the nozzle converging and throat portions are configured to provide a throat-portion-vortex of ignited reactant and oxidant that has an angular velocity which provides (i) negatively-charged particles in an exterior portion of the throat-portion-vortex, (ii) positively-charged particles in an interior portion of the throat-portion-vortex, and (iii) at least one arcing reaction between the positively-charged particles and the negatively-charged particles, to form syngas and at least one aromatic liquid in the nozzle diverging portion. Gas/liquid separation structure is preferably configured to separate the formed syngas from the at least one aromatic liquid.

A vortex chamber device comprising: a reactor comprising at least one chamber having a substantially circular cross-section; a device for feeding at least one fluid that is gaseous or liquid into the chamber; a device for removing said one or more fluids from the chamber; a device for feeding powder particles or a powder particles precursor to said chamber;
wherein said fluid removing device comprises at least one discharge opening for removing said at least one fluid from the chamber. The invention also provides a method for treating powder particles or a powder particles precursor.

A vortex chamber device comprising: a reactor comprising at least one chamber having a substantially circular cross-section; a device for feeding at least one fluid that is gaseous or liquid into the chamber; a device for removing said one or more fluids from the chamber; a device for feeding powder particles or a powder particles precursor to said chamber;
wherein said fluid removing device comprises at least one discharge opening for removing said at least one fluid from the chamber. The invention also provides a method for treating powder particles or a powder particles precursor.

A loop tower CO2 capture system includes a feeding unit, a carbonator, an accumulator, a calciner, a combustion chamber and a gas blower. The feeding unit has a first gas pipe. The carbonator includes multiple first cyclone dust collecting units. The first gas pipe has one end connected to the uppermost first cyclone dust collecting unit. The accumulator is connected to the lowermost first cyclone dust collecting unit, and is located between the carbonator and the calciner. The calciner includes multiple second cyclone dust collecting units. The accumulator is connected to the uppermost second cyclone dust collecting unit. The first gas pipe has the other end connected to the lowermost second cyclone dust collecting unit. The combustion chamber is connected to the lowermost second cyclone dust collecting unit. The gas blower is connected to the first gas pipe of the feeding unit.

A loop tower CO2 capture system includes a feeding unit, a carbonator, an accumulator, a calciner, a combustion chamber and a gas blower. The feeding unit has a first gas pipe. The carbonator includes multiple first cyclone dust collecting units. The first gas pipe has one end connected to the uppermost first cyclone dust collecting unit. The accumulator is connected to the lowermost first cyclone dust collecting unit, and is located between the carbonator and the calciner. The calciner includes multiple second cyclone dust collecting units. The accumulator is connected to the uppermost second cyclone dust collecting unit. The first gas pipe has the other end connected to the lowermost second cyclone dust collecting unit. The combustion chamber is connected to the lowermost second cyclone dust collecting unit. The gas blower is connected to the first gas pipe of the feeding unit.