A gas injection element (10) for a system for distributing a gas inside a chamber of a fluid catalytic cracking unit. This injection member comprises a passage (14) extending entirely therethrough, andan inner ceramic member (20) having an inner surface (22) that entirely delimits the through-passage (14); anda hollow metal sleeve (30), inside which at least a portion of the inner member (20) is received, the sleeve (30) and the inner member (20) respectively having an inner surface (32) and an outer surface (24) with matching shapes allowing the inner member (20) to move relative to the sleeve (30) in a direction parallel to an axis (X) of the passage (14), the outer (32) and inner surfaces (24) being provided with fastening elements (26, 36) that engage to reversibly fasten the sleeve and the inner member.

A process and apparatus for catalytically cracking fresh heavy hydrocarbon feed to produce cracked products is disclosed. A fraction of the cracked products can be obtained to re-crack it in a downer reactor. The downer reactor may produce high selectivity to light olefins. Spent catalyst from both reactors can be regenerated in the same regenerator.

The present invention presents a system for and method of processing a particulate material, for example carbonaceous materials, food products or minerals, to produce a processed material having more desirable properties. The method comprises the steps of: introducing the particulate material into a chamber; providing a flow of fluid into said chamber for entraining the particulate material via inlets at a lower end of the chamber; and providing an exhaust of fluid out of the chamber via an outlet at an upper end of the chamber. The chamber comprises a processing zone having a substantially circular transverse cross-section, the fluid flow being introduced into the processing zone at a non-perpendicular angle with respect to a tangent of the substantially circular transverse cross-section of the processing zone to establish a fluid flow following a substantially helical path in the processing chamber. Said processing zone is provided in a central region of said chamber. Individual particulate material during processing in the processing zone is entrained by the fluid flow exceeding the terminal velocity of the particulate material, exits the processing zone in a radially outward direction, circulates to a base of the chamber and then returns to the processing zone in a repeated cycle. Individual particulate material can increase in mass or aggregate to form a mass of particulate material with larger mass during processing until its terminal velocity exceeds the fluid flow and thereby exits the processing zone by descending through an opening at the base of the chamber under gravity. A toroidal bed reactor is also provided.

A fluidized-bed reactor (1A) includes a reaction vessel (10A) configured to contain metallurgical grade silicon powder and a hydrogen chloride gas, and a portion of a side wall (w) which portion extends along at least 80% of a height extending from a gas feed opening (21), which is provided in a lower part of the reaction vessel (10A), to a top face of a fluid bed (40) has such a tapered shape that a cross section of the reaction vessel (10A) which cross section is taken perpendicular to a height direction of the reaction vessel (10A) increases in area in an upward direction.

The present disclosure is directed to an apparatus and a compact riser separation system for separating a gaseous mixture from a stream of particles entering from a central riser reactor used for cracking a hydrocarbon feed with the stream of particles. The apparatus provides improved gas solid separation efficiency and maximize containment of the hydrocarbon and minimize residence time in the separation system and thereby minimizing undesired post riser cracking reactions.

A carbonaceous feed pyrolysis apparatus is provided including two or more hot particle fluidised beds, one of which contains a combustion zone, and one or more positive displacement apparatus for the transfer of hot particles beds. Also provided is a bio-oil production process including two or more fluidised beds, a first combustion zone carried out in one or more combustion fluidised beds in which a particulate material is fluidised and heated, and a second pyrolysis zone carried out in one or more pyrolysis fluidised beds in which hot particles heated in the combustion zone are used for pyrolysis of bio-mass, the combustion zone being operated at or about atmospheric pressure at a temperature of from 400 C. to 1100 C., and the pyrolysis zone being operated at a pressure of from atmospheric to 100 Barg at a temperature of from 400 C. to 900 C.

According to one or more embodiments disclosed herein, a reactant gas may be converted by a method comprising introducing the reactant gas to a fluidized bed reactor. The main reactor vessel of the fluidized bed reactor may be tapered such that the upstream portion of the main reactor vessel comprises a lesser cross-sectional area than the downstream portion of the main reactor vessel.

A turbulent fluidized-bed reactor, device and method for preparing propylene and C4 hydrocarbons from oxygen-containing compounds. The device includes the turbulent fluidized-bed reactor and a fluidized-bed regenerator for regenerating a catalyst. The method includes: a) feeding a raw material containing the oxygen-containing compounds from n reactor feed distributors to a reaction zone of the turbulent fluidized-bed reactor, and contacting the raw material with a catalyst, to generate a stream containing target product and a spent catalyst containing carbon; b) sending the stream discharged into a product separation system, obtaining propylene, C4 hydrocarbons, light fractions and the like after separation, returning 70 wt. % or more of the light fractions to the reaction zone of the turbulent fluidized-bed reactor from the reactor feed distributor, and reacting ethylene and the oxygen-containing compounds to perform an alkylation reaction in presence of the catalyst, to produce products of propylene and the like.

The present invention is directed towards modifying the internals of the reactor section of a fluidized coke reactor such that the majority of the hydrocarbon feed will react in the core region of the reactor section and that any hydrocarbon vapour that is produced in the annular region will be released into the core region. Therefore, the present invention reduces the residence time of vapour immediately flashed from the injected hydrocarbon feed, resulting in reduced secondary vapour phase cracking.

A subject of the invention is a fluidized-bed reactor for producing granular polycrystalline silicon. The fluidized-bed reactor comprises a segmented reactor tube, which is disposed between a reactor top and a reactor bottom, a heating facility, at least one nozzle for supplying fluidizing gas, at least one nozzle for supplying reaction gas, a facility for supplying silicon seed particles, a product removal line, and an offgas removal line. The segmented reactor tube comprises a base segment and at least one spacer segment, there being disposed, between base segment and spacer segment, a flat seal made from a carbon-containing material, the spacer segment consisting of a material which, within a temperature range from 100 to 950 C., has a thermal conductivity of <2 W/mK.