The instant disclosure provides a composition for fluid catalytic cracking of petroleum based feedstock into useful short chain olefins. The composition comprising: 76-86% of a non-zeolitic material; and 2-30% of at least one zeolite material, the percentage being based on weight of the catalyst composition, wherein one of the zeolites has been modified with 0.1-2.5 wt % metal. The said catalyst was found to be selective in enhancing the usable propylene gas content, while reducing the undesirable dry gas content of the cracked olefinic products. The present disclosure also provides a process for the preparation of the composition. The present disclosure also provides an apparatus (100) and process (200) for fluid catalytic cracking to obtain light olefins. The apparatus comprises a second riser (33) that includes a lower dense riser (2) and upper dilute riser (3). Further, the lower dense riser (2) has a diameter that is 1.1 to 2 times that of the upper dilute riser (3).

Prolonged operation campaigns in a fluidized bed reactor for producing granular polysilicon by deposition of silicon onto silicon seed particles from a silicon-containing precursor gas is made possible by employing a silicon-coated reaction tube which is not insulated above a region of the fluidized bed and as a result has a lower temperature such that the ratio of the thickness of the silicon on the reactor tube adjoining the fluidized bed to the coating thickness over the total reactor tube is from 7:1 to 1.5 to 1 after production campaign of from 15 to 500 days.

Methods of producing glycidyl nitrate. The method comprises reacting glycerol and nitric acid in a microfluidic reactor to form a nitrated glycerol compound. The microfluidic reactor comprises a reaction volume of the microfluidic reactor of less than about 20 ml and an inner diameter of a reaction channel of the microfluidic reactor of less than or equal to about 1000 m. The nitrated glycerol compound is reacted with a base in the microfluidic reactor to form glycidyl nitrate. Additional methods of producing glycidyl nitrate are also disclosed.

A fluid-bed granulator system for producing fertilizer granules with a defined size including a fluid-bed granulator, a first cooler externally connected with the fluid-bed granulator or forming an internal part of the fluid-bed granulator, and a product screen connected with the first cooler. The product screen includes an exit for on-size particles; an exit for oversized particles and an exit for undersized particles. The exit for undersized particles is connected to the fluid-bed granulator and the exit for oversized particles is connected to the fluid-bed granulator via one or more crushers. The exit for on-size particles is connected to a first splitter. The first splitter is connected to the fluid-bed granulator and a post processing unit. A particle size analyzer is located between the fluid-bed granulator and the product screen.

A multi-stage product gas generation system converts a carbonaceous material, such as municipal solid waste, into a product gas which may subsequently be converted into a liquid fuel or other material. One or more reactors containing bed material may be used to conduct reactions to effect the conversions. Unreacted inert feedstock contaminants present in the carbonaceous material may be separated from bed material using a portion of the product gas. A heat transfer medium collecting heat from a reaction in one stage may be applied as a reactant input in another, earlier stage.

A granular fluidized bed reactor (FBR) for production of high purity silicon is described. The FBR uses a draft tube to promote internal circulation while minimizing voids in the fluidized bed, one significant cause of dust formation. The FBR design has geometries to minimize reactive gas concentration within the draft tube and imposes a desirable circulation pattern in operation. A portion of the FBR wall above a reactive zone provides heat input to maximize deposition on silicon beads while minimizing wall deposition. The FBR is made of carbon composite, ceramic, and graphite materials in a design to minimize contamination and enable silicon deposits to be melted out.

A cold-wall reactor for suspension-bed hydrogenation includes a reactor body including a reaction product outlet, cold hydrogen gas inlet and feed inlet. The reactor body includes a housing, surfacing layer and thermal insulation liner. An inner lining cylinder is fixedly arranged inside the reactor body with an outlet connected with the reaction product outlet. A side wall of the inner lining cylinder and an inner side wall of the reactor body define a cavity serving as a first circulation channel. A second circulation channel is arranged on the inner lining cylinder side wall. The inner lining cylinder communicates with the first circulation channel through the second circulation channel. In suspension-bed hydrogenation, material temperature is more uniform, reaction efficiency is improved, materials coking is reduced, thermal insulation liner issues are prevented, and the temperature of the outer wall of the reactor body is lower than the temperature of the medium.

The invention provides an improved system for separation technology intended to reduce unwanted catalyst/thermal reactions by minimizing contact of the hydrocarbons and the catalyst within the reactor.

The invention relates to an enclosure (10) of a fluid catalytic cracking unit in which an inner space is defined by a side wall (12) having a longitudinal axis extending substantially in the direction of gravity, said enclosure being provided with a plurality of mechanical separation cyclones (14, 16) located inside the inner space. The enclosure (10) comprises a supporting device (20) attached only to the cyclones (14, 16) by: an annular peripheral support element (202) extending along the side wall (12) in a plane perpendicular to the longitudinal axis (X), separated from the side wall by a predetermined clearance; and a plurality of beams (206, 208) extending in the same plane as the peripheral support element (202), the beams being rigidly connected to the peripheral support element and to at least one mechanical separation cyclone by one end or by an attachment part distant from the ends thereof.

A universal chemical processor (UCP) including a reactor vessel having a central longitudinal axis and main chamber comprises a first inlet port for a main feedstock, a second inlet port for a fluidizing medium and a third inlet port for one or more reactants. The UCP also includes a reactive radioactive chemical processor (R.sup.2CP) that contains a radioactive element positioned extending along the longitudinal axis in the main chamber. In operation, a fluidized bed can be supported in the main chamber when a fluidizing medium and feedstock are supplied to the main chamber through the first and second inlet ports and the radioactive element of the R.sup.2CP emits ionizing radiation that is capable of ionizing feedstock and reactants, inducing chemical reactions, and sterilizing and decomposing any organic materials within a radiation zone.