A package structure having a solder mask layer with a low dielectric constant includes a substrate, a conductive structure on the substrate, and a solder mask layer on the substrate. The solder mask layer includes bubbles and a solder mask material, wherein the bubbles are disposed within the solder mask layer and the solder mask material covers the bubbles.

It is an object of the present invention to provide a capsule comprising a functional substance and having good shape stability and a good feeling of use. A method for producing a capsule, comprising steps of mixing gelatin and a functional substance; adding a carbodiimide crosslinking agent to crosslink the gelatin with the carbodiimide crosslinking agent; solidifying the crosslinked gelatin; and grinding the solidified gelatin.

It is an object of the present invention to provide a capsule comprising a functional substance and having good shape stability and a good feeling of use. A method for producing a capsule, comprising steps of mixing gelatin and a functional substance; adding a carbodiimide crosslinking agent to crosslink the gelatin with the carbodiimide crosslinking agent; solidifying the crosslinked gelatin; and grinding the solidified gelatin.

The present invention relates to processes for producing microparticles having, in their interior, at least one cavity which is connected via pores to the surface of the microparticles and which have been laden with at least one organic active of low molecular weight. The invention especially relates to a process for loading microparticles with at least one organic active of low molecular weight, wherein the active has been embedded in a matrix and/or the pores of the microparticles have been closed by means of a substance applied to the surface of the microparticles. The invention additionally relates to a process for sealing microparticles laden with at least one organic active of low molecular weight. The invention also relates to compositions of microparticles laden with at least one active of low molecular weight and to the use thereof.

An object of the invention is to provide a method for producing a capsule or microbead having high encapsulation efficiency of an encapsulated substance, high production efficiency, and high versatility. The invention relates to a method for producing a microcapsule or microbead, comprising: a step of disposing a monomer droplet or polymer droplet containing a substance to be encapsulated, which has a surface coated with a plurality of solid fine particles, on a flat surface; and a step of solidifying the monomer droplet or polymer droplet disposed on the flat surface in a gas phase so as to form an outer shell of a capsule or microbead, thereby forming a region enclosed by the outer shell, wherein the substance is encapsulated in the region.

Hollow particles having a shell including at least one layer, wherein the at least one layer contains a vinyl-based resin, and contains a phosphorus atom and/or a sulfur atom.

Hollow particles having a shell including at least one layer, wherein the at least one layer contains a vinyl-based resin, and contains a phosphorus atom and/or a sulfur atom.

Methods and apparatus are disclosed for producing seeds that are transformed into hollow spheres. A seed includes a core and a coating. Upon heating, the coating becomes viscous and expands responsive to an internal gas pressure created by the core. Example applications for the seeds and/or cores are disclosed, including bricks and other construction materials having the hollow spheres incorporated therein.

Particulate material comprising rough mesoporous hollow nanoparticles. The rough mesoporous hollow nanoparticles may comprise a mesoporous shell, the external surface of which has projections thereon, the projections having smaller sizes than the particle size. The particulate material may be used to deliver active agents, such as insecticides and pesticides. The active agents can enter into the hollow core of the particles and be protected from degradation by sunlight. The rough surface of the particles retains the particles on plant leaves or animal hair. Methods for forming the particles are also described. Carbon particles and methods for forming carbon particles are also described.

Particulate material comprising rough mesoporous hollow nanoparticles. The rough mesoporous hollow nanoparticles may comprise a mesoporous shell, the external surface of which has projections thereon, the projections having smaller sizes than the particle size. The particulate material may be used to deliver active agents, such as insecticides and pesticides. The active agents can enter into the hollow core of the particles and be protected from degradation by sunlight. The rough surface of the particles retains the particles on plant leaves or animal hair. Methods for forming the particles are also described. Carbon particles and methods for forming carbon particles are also described.