Disclosed herein are processes and reaction systems for controlling a temperature of an oligomerization reaction zone using a heat exchange system.

A method of cooling a liner in a plasma chamber. A recycle gas is contacted with or passed through the liner to cool the liner and pre-heat the recycle gas. The pre-heated gas is then recycled through the plasma chamber to become part of the plasma forming process. The method further comprises the liner is graphite, the recycle gas passes through at least one cooling channel present in the liner, at least one of the cooling channels are covered with at least one removable liner/channel cover, carbon deposits are formed from the presence of hydrocarbons in the recycle gas, at least one channel is formed in a spiral cooling channel pattern, at least one channel is formed in a substantially straight cooling channel pattern, and a plenum to aid in the production of an even distribution of cooling gas in the channels.

The present disclosure relates to a lignite transient dehydration upgrading and temperature and pressure instant generation device system. Materials are added by a feeding device above the steam dehydration system and enter a feeding area, at the moment, a sealing valve is opened, an internal material platform is pushed forwards in a rotary mode, wet materials enter a dehydration area, and then the sealing valve is closed after dry materials enter. Saturated steam is added into the device by the steam generation system, then the device is adjusted to be in a high-temperature and high-pressure state by the electric control system, and the pressure is continuously stabilized for a certain period of time. The sealing valve is then opened, the dry materials enter a discharging area and then are discharged by a conveying belt, while new wet materials enter the dehydration area accordingly to begin the next round of dehydration.

A strengthening oxidation system of the external micro-interfacial unit for producing PTA with PX is provided, including: a reactor, a circulating heat exchange device and a micro-interfacial unit. The reactor includes an outer casing and an inner cylinder disposed concentrically inside the outer casing. The circulating heat exchange device is disposed at an exterior of the reactor, and is connected with the outer casing and the inner cylinder respectively, for regulating reaction temperatures of the first reaction zone, the second reaction zone and the third reaction zone inside the reactor in a reaction process of producing PTA with PX. the micro-interfacial unit is connected between the reactor and the circulating heat exchange device, and connected with an external feed pipe of the reactor, for crushing a gas phase material into micro bubbles with a diameter greater than or equal to 1 μm and less than 1 mm and for mixing the micro bubbles with a liquid phase material to form an emulsion at the exterior of the reactor before a reaction material enters each of the reaction zones inside the reactor.

A synthesis machine for preparation of a targeted inorganic material for recommended synthesis by a computer program that determines optimal solid-state methods for synthesis of an inorganic material. The computational method involves inputting a target inorganic material, querying structural data and thermodynamic data for the target inorganic material, enumerating possible synthetic reactions to construct a synthetic reaction database with a viable subset of the possible synthetic methods. The routine generates a nucleation metric and competition metric that are combined to provide recommended synthetic methods. The output for each of the recommended syntheses are input into a robotic synthesis machine where the delivery of reactants, reaction conditions, and analysis of extent of reaction, and product quality is controlled by a processor.

A system and a process for dimerizing cyclopentadiene (CPD) including producing a C.sub.6+C.sub.7 rich bottoms stream and a C.sub.5 rich side draw from a debutanizer, where the C.sub.5 rich side draw and at least a portion of the C.sub.6+C.sub.7 rich bottoms stream are directed to a dimerizer where the CPD is thermally dimerized to dicyclopentadiene (DCPD). DCPD is more stable than CPD and thus safer to handle.

A first stream containing 1,3-butadiene, C.sub.4 acetylenes, and optionally C.sub.3 hydrocarbons, is mixed with a portion of the liquid recycle stream from a C.sub.4 acetylene hydrogenation reactor containing hydrogenated C.sub.4 acetylenes and a molecular hydrogen-containing stream, the resulting mixed stream is then fed to a C.sub.4 acetylene hydrogenation reactor to selectively hydrogenate the C.sub.4 acetylenes in the crude butadiene stream without appreciable 1,3-butadiene conversion.

The present invention relates to processes and apparatus useful for (fast) ionic polymerisation of liquid monomer(s) containing reaction mixture for the production of the corresponding polymer(s).

Methods for determining ethylene concentration in an ethylene oligomerization reactor using an ultrasonic flow meter are described, and these methods are integrated into ethylene oligomerization processes and related oligomerization reactor systems.

Methods for determining ethylene concentration in an ethylene oligomerization reactor using an ultrasonic flow meter are described, and these methods are integrated into ethylene oligomerization processes and related oligomerization reactor systems.