The present disclosure provides an opening-closing type microwave catalytic reaction apparatus, including a microwave system, a microwave cavity, a protective cover, a cooling system, and a vertical furnace tube, where two ends of the furnace tube are respectively stretched out of the microwave cavity, the microwave system includes a plurality of microwave transmitting units, and the microwave transmitting unit includes a microwave transmitter; the furnace tube is provided with a gas inlet on a top and a gas outlet on a bottom; a compression hinge and a cavity cover capable of being opened or closed are arranged on the microwave cavity, a convex edge plate is disposed at an edge of the cavity cover, the compression hinge can compress the cavity cover such that the convex edge plate is tightly attached to a concave edge plate on the microwave cavity, and the protective cover can cover the entire cavity cover.

A revamp process for modifying a sulfur abatement plant including a Claus process plant, the Claus process plant including a Claus reaction furnace and one or more Claus conversion stages, each Claus conversion stage including a conversion reactor and a means for elemental sulfur condensation, and a means of Claus tail gas oxidation configured for receiving a Claus tail gas from said Claus process plant and configured for providing an oxidized Claus tail gas, the process revamp including: a) providing a sulfuric acid producing tail gas treatment plant producing sulfuric acid, and b) providing a means for transferring an amount or all of the sulfuric acid produced in said sulfuric acid producing tail gas treatment plant to said Claus reaction furnace, wherein the moles of sulfur in the transferred sulfuric acid relative to the moles of elemental sulfur withdrawn from the Claus process plant is from 3% to 25%.

A chemical reformer system has an inlet, a digester, a series of chemical reformers, coolers and separators. The temperatures and pressures of the digester and chemical reformers may be regulated, where the pressure decreases from the first chemical reformer to the last and the temperature increases from the first chemical reformer to the last. The chemical reformer system may be utilized to convert feedstock biomass to output compounds, such as bio-oils.

In an apparatus producing hydrogen gas by the decomposition reaction of water using photocatalyst, its miniaturization is achieved while suppressing the decrease of production efficiency of hydrogen gas as low as possible or improving the efficiency. The apparatus 1 comprises a container portion 2 receiving water W; a photocatalyst member 3 immersed in the water, having photocatalyst which generates excited electrons and positive holes when irradiated with light, causes a decomposition reaction of the water and generates hydrogen gas; a light source 4 emitting the light irradiated to the photocatalyst member; and a heat exchange device 7 conducting waste heat of the light source to the water in the container portion; wherein the water to be decomposed on the photocatalyst member in the container portion is warmed by the waste heat of the light source by the heat exchange device.

Provided is a solid carbon production facility including: a separation facility configured to separate a carbon dioxide gas contained in a produced gas produced by a blast furnace; a reaction facility configured to heat a fuel gas whose main component is a methane gas by using a heating facility and decompose the methane gas into solid carbon and a hydrogen gas; and a production facility configured to cause the carbon dioxide gas separated by the separation facility and the hydrogen gas decomposed by the reaction facility to react with each other to produce solid carbon and water.

Systems and methods associated with biomass decomposition are generally described. Certain embodiments are related to adjusting a flow rate of a fluid comprising oxygen into a reactor in which biomass is decomposed. The adjustment may be made, at least in part, based upon a measurement of a characteristic of the reactor and/or a characteristic of the biomass. Certain embodiments are related to cooling at least partially decomposed biomass. The biomass may be cooled by flowing a gas over an outlet conduit in which the biomass is cooled, and then directing the gas to a reactor after it has flowed over the outlet conduit. Certain embodiments are related to systems comprising a reactor and an outlet conduit configured such that greater than or equal to 75% of its axially projected cross-sectional area is occupied by a conveyor. Certain embodiments are related to systems comprising a reactor comprising an elongated compartment having a longitudinal axis arranged substantially vertically and an outlet conduit comprising a conveyor.

One or more reactants are flowed into thermal contact with a heating element in a reactor for a first time period. During a first part of a heating cycle, the one or more reactants are provided with a first temperature by heating with the heating element, such that one or more thermochemical reactions is initiated. The one or more thermochemical reactions includes pyrolysis, thermolysis, synthesis, hydrogenation, dehydrogenation, hydrogenolysis, or any combination thereof. The first heating element operates by Joule heating and has a porous construction that allows gas to flow therethrough. During a second part of the heating cycle, the one or more reactants are provided with a second temperature less than the first temperature, for example, by de-energizing the heating element. A duration of the first time period is equal to or greater than a duration of the heating cycle, which is less than five seconds.

A hydrogen reforming system is provided and includes a steam reforming system, a dry reforming system, and a water supply device. The steam reforming system is configured to (i) receive a raw material gas and react the raw material gas with water to generate a first mixed gas containing hydrogen and carbon monoxide, (ii) react the first mixed gas with the water to generate hydrogen and carbon dioxide, and (iii) discharge hydrogen and carbon dioxide. The dry reforming system is configured to (i) receive and react the raw material gas and the carbon dioxide discharged from the steam reforming system to generate a second mixed gas containing hydrogen, (ii) react the second mixed gas with the water to generate hydrogen and carbon dioxide, and (iii) discharge hydrogen and carbon dioxide. The water supply device is configured to supply the water to the steam reforming system and the dry reforming system.

One object of the present disclosure is to provide a production method of magnesium hydride that is free of carbon dioxide and has high production efficiency, a power generation system that does not emit carbon dioxide or radiation using magnesium hydride, and an apparatus for producing magnesium hydride; therefore, the method for producing magnesium hydride of the present disclosure comprises a procedure for irradiating a magnesium compound different from magnesium hydride with hydrogen plasma, and a procedure for depositing a magnesium product containing magnesium hydride on a depositor for depositing magnesium hydride disposed within the range in which hydrogen plasma is present, wherein the surface temperature of the depositor is kept no more than a predetermined temperature at which magnesium hydride precipitates.

Synthesizing upconverting nanoparticles includes heating a precursor solution comprising one or more rare earth salts, an alkali metal salt or alkaline earth salt, and a solvent comprising a plasticizer in a microwave reactor to yield a product mixture, and cooling the product mixture to yield the upconverting nanoparticles. Core-shell upconverting nanoparticles are synthesized by combining the upconverting nanoparticles with a precursor solution comprising one or more rare earth salts, an alkali metal salt or alkaline earth salt, and a solvent comprising a plasticizer to yield a nanoparticle mixture, heating the nanoparticle mixture in a microwave reactor to yield a product mixture, and cooling the product mixture to yield the core-shell upconverting nanoparticles.