A method for the control of a plant (10) for the production in continuous of a polymer, wherein the plant (10) comprises at least one reactor (11) fed with at least a first monomer and a second monomer, a first stripper (12), a second stripper (17), a third stripper (18), at least one recycling vat (13) of the fine products, measurement equipment (14) and a control system comprising distributed control devices (15) controllable by at least one electronic processing and control unit (16) based on a plurality of control variables, the control method comprising the following steps: collecting data comprising recipe parameters, laboratory analysis results and predefined coefficients stored in a database (40); collecting the data measured by the measurement equipment (14); determining, by means of a first calculation module (20) a production potentiality value of the at least one reactor (11); determining, by means of a second calculation module (21) the polymer concentration in the at least one reactor (11), in the first stripper (12) and in the at least one recycling vat of the fine products (13); determining, by means of a third calculation module (22) the flow-rate of oil for feeding the second stripper (17); determining, by means of a fourth calculation module (23), the flow-rate of the chain terminator (TERM) for feeding the at least one reactor (11), controlling the plant (10) on the basis of the plurality of control variables.

A method and apparatus for monitoring and evaluation of a production of a functional material, wherein an assessment of steps taken by users based on a data basis results in reporting to the user of the extent to which predetermined properties of a functional material produced are attained in the event of variances in the steps taken.

A method to increase a probability of interaction of one molecule with a second molecule includes applying a sequence of temporally varying perturbations by acoustic forces and/or by electromagnetic fields or any combination thereof in at least two non-aligned directions to a volume containing the molecules. The sequence of temporally varying perturbations is chosen to produce a sequence of perturbed molecular configurations for the molecule in the volume and the sequence of perturbations is selected so as to cause the increase in probability. Initially data is obtained relating to orientations of the molecules and the sequence is selected based on the data. The data can be obtained by observation or by creating a known orientation using selected fields.

Methods of controlling olefin polymerization reactor systems are provided herein. In some aspects, the methods include a) selecting n input variables, each input variable corresponding to a process condition for an olefin polymerization process; b) identifying m response variables, each response variable corresponding to a measurable polymer property; c) adjusting one of more of the n input variables in a plurality of polymerization reactions using the olefin polymerization reactor system, to provide a plurality of olefin polymers and measuring each of the m response variables as a function of the input variables for each olefin polymer; d) analyzing the change in each of the response variables as a function of the input variables to determine the coefficients; e) calculating a Response Surface Model (RSM) using general equations for each response variable determined in step d) to correlate any combination of the n input variables with one or more of m response variables; f) applying n selected input variables to the calculated Response Surface Model (RSM) to predict one or more of m target response variables, each target response variable corresponding to a measurable polymer property; and g) using the n selected input variables I.sup.s1 to I.sup.sn to operate the olefin polymerization reactor system and provide a polyolefin product.

A method for continuously producing a product (A1) by way of at least two coupled-together chemical reactions (C1, C2), wherein at least two input substances (E1, E2) are fed to a first chemical reaction (C1), wherein a plurality of intermediate substances (Z1, Z2) are produced from the input substances (E1, E2) by the first chemical reaction (C1), wherein at least one of the intermediate substances (Z2) is fed to a second chemical reaction (C2), wherein the at least one fed intermediate substance (Z2) is further processed by the second chemical reaction (C2), in particular using at least one further substance (W1, W2) in a second chemical reaction (C2) to form a plurality of output substances (A1, A2), that is to say to form the chemical product (A1) and at least one further output substance (A2), wherein the flow rates (F.sub.i) of the fed substances (E1, E2, Z1, W1, W2, A2) that are fed to one of the reactions (C1, C2) are set by a respective actuating element (V.sub.E1, V.sub.E2, V.sub.W1, V.sub.W 2, V.sub.Z 2, V.sub.A1), wherein each of the fed substances is assigned a separate actuating element, wherein a manipulated variable (S.sub.E2,R, S.sub.i,R) that is stipulated by a controller (R.sub.E2, R.sub.i) is respectively applied to at least one of the actuating elements, wherein, for changing the production rate of the chemical product (A1), a temporary manipulated variable (S.sub.E2,temp, S.sub.i,temp) is respectively applied during a transient phase (II, III) to at least one of these actuating elements (V.sub.E2, V.sub.i) instead of the manipulated variables (S.sub.E2,R, S.sub.i,R) stipulated by the respective controllers (R.sub.E2, R.sub.i), wherein the temporary manipulated variable (S.sub.E2,temp, S.sub.i,temp) or the temporary manipulated variables is/are generated by at least one control unit (SE) in dependence on a default value (NV).

Fuel reform apparatus includes: internal combustion engine including injector and configured so that compression-ignition combustion is carried out in combustion chamber; reform unit interposed in fuel supply path from fuel tank to injector and including reformer reforming fuel stored in fuel tank by oxidation reaction; ignition timing detector detecting ignition timing of fuel in combustion chamber; and controller including CPU and memory. Controller performs: determining whether fuel has been supplied into fuel tank; determining whether reforming is needed based on ignition timing when it is determined that fuel has been supplied; controlling operation of reform unit so as to reform fuel stored in fuel tank to supply to injector when it is determined that reforming is needed; and controlling operation of reform unit so as to supply fuel stored in fuel tank to injector without reforming when it is determined that reforming is not needed.

A plant or refinery may include equipment such as reactors, heaters, heat exchangers, regenerators, separators, or the like. Types of heat exchangers include shell and tube, plate, plate and shell, plate fin, air cooled, wetted-surface air cooled, or the like. Operating methods may impact deterioration in equipment condition, prolong equipment life, extend production operating time, or provide other benefits. Mechanical or digital sensors may be used for monitoring equipment, and sensor data may be programmatically analyzed to identify developing problems. For example, sensors may be used in conjunction with one or more system components to detect and correct maldistribution, cross-leakage, strain, pre-leakage, thermal stresses, fouling, vibration, problems in liquid lifting, conditions that can affect air-cooled exchangers, conditions that can affect a wetted-surface air-cooled heat exchanger, or the like. An operating condition or mode may be adjusted to prolong equipment life or avoid equipment failure.

A reductant insertion system for an after treatment system configured to decompose constituents of an exhaust gas, includes: a dry reductant tank configured to contain a dry reductant; a reductant delivery line configured to operatively couple the dry reductant tank to the after treatment system for delivery of the dry reductant to the after treatment system; and a pressurized gas source configured to communicate the dry reductant to the after treatment system through the reductant delivery line using pressurized gas.

The present invention provides a low pressure generating plasma reactor closed loop process, comprising: feeding a fresh feed gas flow and a fresh feed absorption liquid flow to a plasma reactor closed loop comprising a condenser, a liquid loop, a recycle gas loop, and a plasma generator; converting feed gas to reactive plasma products in the plasma generator; quenching and absorbing the reactive plasma products into an absorption liquid circulating in the liquid loop where the reactive plasma products react to form liquid reaction products, thereby generating low pressure in the closed loop; monitoring the composition and low pressure of the recycle gas loop and, if the pressure increases, adjusting the composition of the fresh feed gas flow and/or fresh feed absorption liquid flow to bring the composition of the feed gas towards stoichiometric ratio with the absorbed reactive plasma products; extracting circulating absorption liquid, containing the liquid reaction products, from the plasma reactor closed loop as a product flow. The present invention also provides a low pressure generating plasma reactor closed loop system, comprising a plasma generator, a condenser, a recycle gas loop, a liquid loop, and a pump.

Methods for simultaneously determining the concentrations of transition metal compounds in solutions containing two or more transition metal compounds are described. Polymerization reactor systems providing real-time monitoring and control of the concentrations of the transition metal components of a multicomponent catalyst system are disclosed, as well as methods for operating such polymerization reactor systems, and for improving methods of preparing the multicomponent catalyst system.