Devices, systems, and methods for charging fluids are disclosed. The charging of fluids improves the mixing of fluids in microfluidic systems. The charging is performed by producing an ion field between an ionizing electrode and an opposed ground electrode. A fluid-containing vessel is positioned between the opposed electrodes and the ion field charges the fluid in the vessel.

The present invention relates to devices that improve control by selection, inversion, fortification, uniformization and mapping background energy (including dark energy and/or dark matter) and including electromagnetic energies in various forms and states of aggregation, during a tailoring process and to processes of tailoring materials.

A method is provided for running up/starting up an electrolysis device (10), which device includes a reactor container (3) which is arranged downstream of an electrolyzer (1) and in which oxygen reacts with hydrogen into water, in order to reduce an oxygen share in a hydrogen gas flow coming from the electrolyzer (1). The electrolysis device (10) is operated with a predefined operating pressure. Upon running up/starting up the electrolyzer (1), the hydrogen gas flow coming from the electrolyzer (1) is led past the reactor container (3) via a bypass conduit (11).

The invention concerns a method for controlling at least one gas bubble produced in a localised manner in a medium (3′) allowing the movement of said at least one gas bubble, characterised in that it comprises a step consisting of generating at least one ultrasound burst towards said at least one gas bubble, said at least one burst being emitted for a burst duration at least partially covering a duration during which said gas is effectively being produced.

A system for the integral chlorine dioxide production with relatively independent sodium chlorate electrolytic production and chlorine dioxide production is provided. The system may feed electrolyte solution into a solid-liquid filter, filtering out the crystal and eliminating sodium chloride and sodium dichromate. The sodium chlorate crystal may be fed into a chlorine dioxide generator after dissolving, while sodium chloride and sodium dichromate solution separately return to electrolyzer for electrolysis process. Sodium chloride may be constantly formed as a by-product in the chlorine dioxide production unit, and solution containing the sodium chloride is withdrawn from the generator and, after filtration, washing and dissolution, recycled back to sodium chlorate production unit. This way, there is no need of sodium chloride make-up.

A reactor and process capable of concurrently producing electric power and selectively oxidizing gaseous components in a feed stream, such as hydrocarbons to unsaturated products, which are useful intermediates in the production of liquid fuels. The reactor includes an oxidation membrane, a reduction membrane, an electron barrier, and a conductor. The oxidation membrane and reduction membrane include an MIEC oxide. The electron barrier, located between the oxidation membrane and the reduction membrane, is configured to allow transmission of oxygen anions from the reduction membrane to the oxidation membrane and resist transmission of electrons from the oxidation membrane to the reduction membrane. The conductor conducts electrons from the oxidation membrane to the reduction membrane.

Inter-allotropic transformations of carbon are provided using moderate conditions including alternating voltage pulses and modest temperature elevation. By controlling the pulse magnitude, small-diameter single-walled carbon nanotubes are transformed into larger-diameter single-walled carbon nanotubes, multi-walled carbon nanotubes of different morphologies, and multi-layered graphene nanoribbons.

A method for upgrading biogas to methanol, including the steps of: providing a reformer feed stream comprising biogas; optionally, purifying the reformer feed stream in a gas purification unit; optionally, prereforming the reformer feed stream together with a steam feedstock in a prereforming unit; carrying out steam methane reforming in a reforming reactor heated by means of an electrical power source; providing the synthesis gas to a methanol synthesis unit to provide a product including methanol and an off-gas. Also, a system for upgrading biogas to methanol.

A reaction furnace for producing a polycrystalline silicon according to the present invention is designed so as to have an in-furnace reaction space in which a reaction space cross-sectional area ratio (S=[S.sub.0−S.sub.R]/S.sub.R) satisfies 2.5 or more, which is defined by an inner cross-sectional area (So) of a reaction furnace, which is perpendicular to a straight body portion of the reaction furnace, and a total sum (S.sub.R) of cross-sectional areas of polycrystalline silicon rods that are grown by precipitation of polycrystalline silicon, in a case where a diameter of the polycrystalline silicon rod is 140 mm or more. Such a reaction furnace has a sufficient in-furnace reaction space even when the diameter of the polycrystalline silicon rod has been expanded, and accordingly an appropriate circulation of a gas in the reaction furnace is kept.

A method to increase a probability of interaction of one molecule with a second molecule includes applying a sequence of temporally varying perturbations by acoustic forces and/or by electromagnetic fields or any combination thereof in at least two non-aligned directions to a volume containing the molecules. The sequence of temporally varying perturbations is chosen to produce a sequence of perturbed molecular configurations for the molecule in the volume and the sequence of perturbations is selected so as to cause the increase in probability. Initially data is obtained relating to orientations of the molecules and the sequence is selected based on the data. The data can be obtained by observation or by creating a known orientation using selected fields.