An apparatus for exposing a bulk volume of particles, such as free-flowing or semi-flowable grains, ore, or powders, or a non-flowing mass such as sewage or wet-chopped bio-mass so all of the particles receive near-uniform exposure to a radio frequency (RF) electric and/or magnet (EM) field, preferably without any preference of exposure to a surface or side of particulate. The invention relates to an antenna that can be metallic or plasma for transmitting RF EM radiation into a mechanical mechanism used to convey, or preferably to mix a bulk volume of particles. Embodiments of the apparatus include the ability to adjust the level of EM radiation comprised of one or more frequencies between 30 Hz and 30 EHz to regulate either or both the magnitude of temperature rise and the rate of temperature rise, or to regulate either or both the magnitude of chemical reaction, or rate of reaction.

A process comprises feeding a stream of reactant compounds to a reactor and discharging a liquid plasma into the reactant stream in the reactor, wherein the plasma initiates or accelerates a reaction of the reactant compounds to form a product composition. The reactor can comprise one or more chambers, a high-voltage electrode positioned at a first portion of the one or more chambers, a ground electrode positioned at a second portion of the one or more chambers, and a dielectric plate between the ground electrode and the high-voltage electrode that comprises openings through which the reactant stream can pass from the first portion to the second portion or from the second portion to the first portion. Discharging the plasma can include supplying electrical power to the high-voltage electrode such that plasma is discharged where the reactant stream flows through the openings.

Methods and apparatus are disclosed for generating an electromagnetic field inside a reactor to trigger an exothermic reaction. The design and implementation of the electromagnetics are based on the requirements of a particular exothermic reaction or reactor. For example, the triggering mechanism of a particular exothermic reaction or reactor may require a magnetic field with a specific magnitude, polarity, and/or orientation.

A device for magnetic field-assisted simulation of zero-microgravity flame synthesis of nanoparticles includes a gradient magnetic field device, a combustor and a product collection device. The gradient magnetic field device is composed of two magnetic field devices arranged face to face. The combustor is located between the two magnetic field devices. The outlet of the combustor is vertically upward. The position is below the magnetic field center of the gradient magnetic field device. The body force acting on the flame and surrounding magnetic species thereof by the gradient magnetic field device counteracts the gravitational buoyancy lift effect, so that flame synthesis is carried out under a simulated zero/microgravity flame to prepare the nanoparticles. The device is able to use a gradient magnetic field to simulate the zero/microgravity flame on the ground to synthesize the nanoparticles under special flame characteristics, with reduced flame disturbance, improved stability, and no overheated region.

According to one embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a hydrogen extraction reactor, comprising a chamber including an inner space; a reaction unit which is provided to pass through the inside of the chamber and where an endothermic reaction for hydrogen extraction occurs; a heating unit which is provided to be spaced apart from the reaction unit inside the chamber and transfers heat to the inside of the chamber; and a heat transfer material which is provided between the reaction unit and the heating unit in the chamber, wherein the heat transfer material undergoes a phase transition between a gas phase and a liquid phase according to the entry and exit of heat from the heating unit or the reaction unit.

A system to generate gases from a liquid or a solid source including a generator, a dual arbitrary generator, a turbine, a thermoelectric generator, a pulse-width modulation device, a suction pump, a radiolytic cell, and magnets. The radiolytic cell includes a body, a first disk, a second disk having a plurality of perforations, and a plurality of radiotrodes. Each radiotrodes includes a large diameter tube, a small diameter tube concentric with the large diameter tube, and metallic wires having an end fixed into an upper section of the large and small diameter tubes and to lower sections of the large and small diameter tubes. The second ends of each one of the metallic wires are connected into the perforations of the corresponding first disk or second disk. The radiotrodes hang up inside the radiolytic cells by the metallic wires producing movement or vibration of the radiotrodes inside the radiolytic cell.

Electrically heated reforming reactors and associated reforming processes are disclosed, which benefit from a number of advantages in terms of attaining and controlling the input of heat to catalytic conversion processes such as in the reforming of hydrocarbons (e.g., methane) using H.sub.2O and/or CO.sub.2 as an oxidant. The disclosed reactors provide the ability to target the input of heat to specific regions within a catalyst bed volume. This allows for the control of the temperature profile in one or more dimensions (e.g., axially and/or radially) and/or otherwise tailoring heat input for processing specific reformer feeds, achieving specific reformer products, effectively utilizing the catalyst, and/or compensating for a number of operating parameters (e.g., flow distribution). Dynamic control of the heat input may be used in response to changes in feed or product composition and/or catalyst activity.

A heterogeneous catalysis method for catalyzing the conversion of a first chemical species to a second chemical species includes varying a binding energy of the first chemical species, the second chemical species, or both over time and in the presence of a catalyst. Systems configured to catalyze the conversion of the first chemical species to the second chemical species by varying a binding energy of the first chemical species, the second chemical species, or both over time and in the presence of a catalyst include a sound wave generator, a pressure generator, a piezoelectric material, or a back gate device configured to facilitate the varying of the binding energy of the first chemical species, the second chemical species, or both.

The invention relates to a method for controlling a chemical reaction which creates a product, wherein at least one reactant that is present in a liquid phase is subjected to a pressure change.

An ammonia-based multi-zone double-loop process for ultra-low emission of multi-pollutant. From an absorption tower inlet, the flue gas successively passes through cooling concentration crystallization, sulfur oxide absorption, water washing and purifying and dust and mist removing zones, which are separated by gas permeable liquid collecting plates, forming clean flue gas and discharged from an outlet. The cooling concentration crystallization zone, the sulfur oxide absorption zone, and the water washing and purifying zone are respectively provided with a plurality of sprayers, and respectively use a concentration liquid, an absorption liquid, and a water washing liquid as spraying liquids. The absorption, concentration and water washing liquids, after converging respectively, into absorption, concentration crystallization and water washing circulation tanks, the absorption, concentration and water washing liquids, respectively, are sprayed in a circulating manner through absorption, concentration and water washing pumps.