The present disclosure relates to a method for producing trifluoroiodomethane (CF.sub.3I) from iodine (I.sub.2) and trifluoroacetic anhydride (TFAA) under photochemical conditions using ultraviolet (UV) light.

An antifouling layer stack comprising a first layer element, a silicone layer, and a second layer element. The silicone layer is a light guide for UV radiation, and may include embedded UV light sources. The first layer element is situated on a first surface of the silicone layer, and the second layer element is situated on a second surface of the silicone layer. The first and second layer elements differ in composition from the silicone layer. The first layer element facilitates transmission of the UV radiation from the silicone layer to an external medium, and may provide protection and improve the structural integrity of the stack. The second layer element may also provide protection and structural integrity. The second layer element may be reflective, and may provide an adhesive surface for attaching the stack to a vessel.

A method of manufacturing a graphene-tin oxide nanocomposite comprises dispersing graphene and tin oxide in an organic solvent to prepare a dispersion solution, drying the dispersion solution to obtain a powdery mixture, and irradiating the mixture with microwaves to obtain a graphene-tin oxide nanocomposite. Irradiation of graphene and tin oxide with microwaves results in the simplification of the manufacturing process of graphene-tin oxide nanocomposites and a decrease in manufacturing time and cost, and produce graphene-tin oxide nanocomposites at low temperatures. Further, the graphene-tin oxide nanocomposite with improved sensitivity to NO2 gas may be produced.

Methods and systems are provided for photochemically synthesizing tetrachloromethane in an industrial scale using a plurality of arrays or channels of light emitting diodes. A wavelength output by an SLM lamp is customized to bias the photochemical reaction towards a target reaction and target product and away from a side reaction and side product. The higher yield of the target product improved efficiency and reduces the need for complex purification for removal of the side product.

The present invention provides an improved process for the preparation of Dalteparin sodium. The process is simple, commercially viable and industrially advantageous.

There is disclosed a method and UV reactor for improving the efficiency of treating fluids applied to a UV reactor (2) comprising a longitudinal flow chamber (4) having a longitudinal center axis (22), an input (6) for entry of fluid in the flow chamber (4), and an output (8) for fluid to exit the flow chamber (4), where at least the input (6) of the flow chamber (4) comprises an inlet pipe (10) followed by an inlet cone (12) which as a part of the flow chamber (4) increases the cross section of the channel from the inlet pipe (10) to a cross section of the longitudinal flow chamber (4) of UV reactor (2), said UV reactor (2) having at least one longitudinal UV-lamp (20) parallel to but not coinciding with the longitudinal center axis (22), and where the UV-lamp (20) is arranged such that fluid can flow along a flow path from the input (6) to the output (8) via the flow chamber (4), and so that fluid flowing along the flow path can be exposed to UV radiation as it flows from the input (6) to the output (8) to receive a UV dose, which is characterized in, that the fluid applied to the UV reactor (2) via the input (6) of the flow chamber (4), when passing the inlet cone (12), is applied a uniform helical flow path in an extent that all the fluid applied to the UV reactor (2), within the operation range of the current UV reactor (2), at least passes at least one UV lamp (20) at a distance to receive at least a prescribed UV dose related to the current UV reactor (2), during passing of the fluid inside the UV reactor.

Methods, apparatuses, and systems are provided for using laser ablation to manufacture nanoparticles. An example method includes steps of generating, by a laser beam generator, a laser beam, splitting, by a set of beam splitters, the laser beam into a plurality of derivative laser beams, and directing each derivative laser beam towards a plurality of targets. In this example method, the plurality of targets are submerged in corresponding synthesis solvents within corresponding synthesis chambers. Moreover, interaction of each derivative laser beam with its corresponding target releases nanoparticles into the corresponding synthesis solvent to create a nanoparticle solution including both the corresponding synthesis solvent and the released nanoparticles.

A structurally altered gas molecule. The structurally altered gas molecule is a combination of two parts of hydrogen and one part of oxygen and produced from water by placing an electrolyte solution in a chemical reaction chamber, adding purified water to the chemical reaction chamber, and applying a focused magnetic field generated by earth magnets and an electric field to a mixture of the purified water and the electrolyte solution to cause generation of the structurally altered gas molecule from the purified water. A temperature in the chemical reaction chamber is from 60 degrees to 120 degrees in Fahrenheit. A pressure in the chemical reaction chamber is from 1 atmosphere to 40 pounds per square inch gauge (psig). The structurally altered gas molecule has a hydrogen-oxygen-hydrogen bond angles between 94 degrees and 104 degrees and hydrogen-oxygen bond length between 0.95 Angstrom and 1.3 Angstrom.

A structurally altered gas molecule. The structurally altered gas molecule is a combination of two parts of hydrogen and one part of oxygen and produced from water by placing an electrolyte solution in a chemical reaction chamber, adding purified water to the chemical reaction chamber, and applying a focused magnetic field generated by earth magnets and an electric field to a mixture of the purified water and the electrolyte solution to cause generation of the structurally altered gas molecule from the purified water. A temperature in the chemical reaction chamber is from 60 degrees to 120 degrees in Fahrenheit. A pressure in the chemical reaction chamber is from 1 atmosphere to 40 pounds per square inch gauge (psig). The structurally altered gas molecule has a hydrogen-oxygen-hydrogen bond angles between 94 degrees and 104 degrees and hydrogen-oxygen bond length between 0.95 Angstrom and 1.3 Angstrom.

The present disclosure provides an opening-closing type microwave catalytic reaction apparatus, including a microwave system, a microwave cavity, a protective cover, a cooling system, and a vertical furnace tube, where two ends of the furnace tube are respectively stretched out of the microwave cavity, the microwave system includes a plurality of microwave transmitting units, and the microwave transmitting unit includes a microwave transmitter; the furnace tube is provided with a gas inlet on a top and a gas outlet on a bottom; a compression hinge and a cavity cover capable of being opened or closed are arranged on the microwave cavity, a convex edge plate is disposed at an edge of the cavity cover, the compression hinge can compress the cavity cover such that the convex edge plate is tightly attached to a concave edge plate on the microwave cavity, and the protective cover can cover the entire cavity cover.