A reforming reactor for an endothermic process including a plurality of reformer tubes allowing a flow of hydrocarbons and at least one further fluid inside the tubes is provided. Wherein the reformer tubes contain in their interior a catalyst for the conversion of the hydrocarbons and the at least one further fluid to synthesis gas, and a means for heating the reformer tubes. Wherein at least a portion of the plurality of reformer tubes is provided with one or more elements for enlarging the outer surface area of a reformer tube, and the catalyst includes a structured catalyst. Also an endothermic process for the production of synthesis gas, including allowing a flow of hydrocarbons and at least one further fluid inside a plurality of reformer tubes, and heating the plurality of reformer tubes to convert said hydrocarbons and the at least one further fluid to synthesis gas.

A pulsed compression reactor may include a reactor housing, a spring piston, and a driver piston. The reactor housing may define an interior volume, and may include a first passage and a second passage which lead to the interior volume. The spring piston may be positioned within the interior volume, wherein the spring piston and the reactor housing at least partially define a perimeter of a gas spring buffer chamber within the interior volume. The driver piston may be positioned within the interior volume, wherein the spring piston, the driver piston, and the reactor housing at least partially define a perimeter of a reaction chamber within the interior volume.

A pulsed compression reactor may include a reactor housing, a spring piston, and a driver piston. The reactor housing may define an interior volume, and may include a first passage and a second passage which lead to the interior volume. The spring piston may be positioned within the interior volume, wherein the spring piston and the reactor housing at least partially define a perimeter of a gas spring buffer chamber within the interior volume. The driver piston may be positioned within the interior volume, wherein the spring piston, the driver piston, and the reactor housing at least partially define a perimeter of a reaction chamber within the interior volume.

The invention is directed to a method for carrying out a continuous physical or chemical process, in particular crystallization. The method of the invention comprises: comprisingflowing a fluid through a channel comprising an inlet and an outlet for said fluid, wherein said channel is at least in part curved and comprises at least two curvatures,allowing said process to occur at least in part in said fluid in the presence of Dean vortices in said fluid, whilereversing the direction of the flow of said fluid in said channel multiple times, wherein Dean vortices in the fluid in the channel are maintained while the flow is reversed.

An ultrasonic mixing reactor configured for mixing of plant nutrients for greater absorption using cavitation. The reactor includes a venturi nozzle fluidly connected to a nozzle device having at least one annular shaped plate comprised of a plurality of apertures constructed and arranged to create cavitation. The nozzle device is fluidly coupled to a first ultrasonic reactor having a plurality of variable frequency ultrasonic transducers mounted within the first ultrasonic reactor for generating acoustic cavitation of the bulk mixed plant nutrients. The first ultrasonic transducer is fluidly connected to a second ultrasonic reactor having a plurality of variable frequency ultrasonic transducers mounted within the second ultrasonic reactor for generating acoustic cavitation of the bulk mixed plant nutrients. The second ultrasonic reactor discharge is fluidly coupled to a plate static mixer constructed and arranged to create hydrodynamic mixing.

An ammonia synthesis apparatus has a piston arranged to reciprocate within a cylinder, a piston rod arranged to drive the piston in a reciprocal motion within the cylinder, an inlet valve linking a supply of nitrogen and hydrogen to the interior of the cylinder; an outlet valve allowing exhaust of ammonia from the cylinder, and a drive mechanism providing drive to the piston rod.

According to some aspects, described herein is an automated droplet-based reactor that utilizes oscillatory motion of a droplet in a tubular reactor under inert atmosphere. In some cases, such a reactor may address current shortcomings of continuous multi-phase flow platforms.

A butanol production system and method for producing refined mixed butanols includes an internal baffle single pass reactor having an internal fluid conduit defined by an internal wall. The internal fluid conduit contains a process fluid comprising water, mixed butenes and mixed butanols, to form a crude product. Internal flow baffles are located along a length of the internal fluid conduit. Baffled cells are defined at an outer diameter by the internal wall and at ends by the internal flow baffles. A separation system separates water and mixed butenes from the crude product to produce refined mixed butanols. An oscillator assembly is coupled to the internal baffle single pass reactor and has a reciprocating oscillator head selectively movable in a back and forth linear motion, and in communication with the process fluid such that the process fluid undergoes a general sinusoidal movement along the internal baffle single pass reactor.

An ammonia synthesis apparatus has a piston arranged to reciprocate within a cylinder, a piston rod arranged to drive the piston in a reciprocal motion within the cylinder, an inlet valve linking a supply of nitrogen and hydrogen to the interior of the cylinder; an outlet valve allowing exhaust of ammonia from the cylinder, and a drive mechanism providing drive to the piston rod.

A method and device for processing a liquid with cavitation uses a channel element with passageways having local constrictions and a moving rotor surrounding the channel element. The rotor contains a plurality of rotor channels that are moved during rotation to periodically line up with the passageways in the channel element. To operate the device, liquid is passed through the local constriction in the passageway into an outlet channel at a velocity of at least 1.4 m/s at the exit of the outlet channel to form cavitation bubbles. Cavitation bubbles in the liquid in the outlet channel are collapsed by subjecting the cavitation bubbles to a water hammer hydraulic pulse pressure resulting from periodically rapidly closing of the outlet channel by rotation of the rotor.