The present disclosure relates to a method for producing graphite oxide and an apparatus therefor.

The invention is a high-throughput voltage screening crystallographic device and methodology that uses multiple micro wells and electric circuits capable of assaying different crystallization condition for the same or different proteins of interest at the same of different voltages under a humidity and temperature controlled environment. The protein is solubilized in a lipid matrix similar to the lipid composition of the protein in the native environment to ensure stability of the protein during crystallization. The invention provides a system and method where the protein is transferred to a lipid matrix that holds a resting membrane potential, which reduces the degree of conformational freedom of the protein. The invention overcomes the majority of the difficulties associated with vapor diffusion techniques and essentially reconstitutes the protein in its native lipid environment under cuasi physiological conditions.

In a first stage of a methane conversion system, at least some methane (CH.sub.4) in an input gas flow stream can be converted into C.sub.2 hydrocarbons, hydrogen gas (H.sub.2), and aromatics to provide a first processed stream. The conversion can be direct non-oxidative methane conversion (DNMC). At least some of the aromatics can be removed from the first processed stream to provide a second processed stream. In a second stage of the methane conversion system, at least some of the H.sub.2 can be removed from the second processed stream to provide a recycle stream. The recycle stream can be returned to the first stage of the methane conversion system for further conversion of methane and removal of aromatics and H.sub.2 products.

In a first stage of a methane conversion system, at least some methane (CH.sub.4) in an input gas flow stream can be converted into C.sub.2 hydrocarbons, hydrogen gas (H.sub.2), and aromatics to provide a first processed stream. The conversion can be direct non-oxidative methane conversion (DNMC). At least some of the aromatics can be removed from the first processed stream to provide a second processed stream. In a second stage of the methane conversion system, at least some of the H.sub.2 can be removed from the second processed stream to provide a recycle stream. The recycle stream can be returned to the first stage of the methane conversion system for further conversion of methane and removal of aromatics and H.sub.2 products.

The invention relates to a low greenhouse gas emission process for converting carbon dioxide to a commodity chemical, ethyl formate. Carbon dioxide is converted to an aqueous formic acid product using an electro-chemical process, wherein the concentration of formic acid is about 10 wt %. The aqueous formic acid is converted to ethyl formate by esterification of formic acid with bioethanol in a reactor. The product, ethyl formate, is separated from the reaction product and water rejected using an integral low-energy membrane separation system.

In some embodiments, a reactor and/or related may generate pressurized hydrogen within an internal volume by combining water and a water reactive material. In some embodiments, the reactor may include a flexible porous membrane configured to contain water reactive material disposed in an internal volume. In some embodiments, the reactor may include a support configured to support a water reactive material in an internal volume.