Systems, methods and apparatus for the thermal conversion of biomass into biochar. A mobile platform may be used to maneuver a mobile biochar generation system within a field of biomass. The biomass may be harvested, preprocessed and pyrolyzed. After pyrolyzation, the biochar may be cooled to a predetermined temperature by integrating water and liquid nutrients into the biochar. The system may then control the application of the infused biochar by adjusting a spreading attachment and a plowing attachment.

Systems, methods and apparatus for the thermal conversion of biomass into biochar. A mobile platform may be used to maneuver a mobile biochar generation system within a field of biomass. The biomass may be harvested, preprocessed and pyrolyzed. After pyrolyzation, the biochar may be cooled to a predetermined temperature by integrating water and liquid nutrients into the biochar. The system may then control the application of the infused biochar by adjusting a spreading attachment and a plowing attachment.

Mechanical stirred bed reactors that incorporate a screen are described. Methods of using such reactors to process perfluoropolymers to form perfluorinated olefin monomers are also described. The reactors and methods may be used to upcycle filled perfluorinated materials.

Electric-powered, closed-loop, continuous-feed, endothermic energy-conversion systems and methods are disclosed. In one embodiment, the presently disclosed energy-conversion system includes a shaftless auger. In another embodiment, the presently disclosed energy-conversion system includes a drag conveyor. In yet another embodiment, the presently disclosed energy-conversion system includes a distillation and/or fractionating stage. The endothermic energy-conversion systems and methods feature mechanisms for natural resource recovery, refining, and recycling, such as secondary recovery of metals, minerals, nutrients, and/or carbon char.

Electric-powered, closed-loop, continuous-feed, endothermic energy-conversion systems and methods are disclosed. In one embodiment, the presently disclosed energy-conversion system includes a shaftless auger. In another embodiment, the presently disclosed energy-conversion system includes a drag conveyor. In yet another embodiment, the presently disclosed energy-conversion system includes a distillation and/or fractionating stage. The endothermic energy-conversion systems and methods feature mechanisms for natural resource recovery, refining, and recycling, such as secondary recovery of metals, minerals, nutrients, and/or carbon char.

An at least two shaft reactor/mixer, in particular for process engineering treatment of highly viscose, elastic and/or solid containing reaction substance and mixture, in which at the housing inner wall inwardly directed static mixing elements are arranged, which interact with scrapers of the at least two shafts in such a way, that in the area of the spaces between the scrapers the static mixing elements and the housing inner wall sheer forces, in particular a flow disturbance, are generated in an enhanced manner. In addition, there is a system including an end cap for a one or multiple shaft reactor/mixer and a discharge screw connector block being connectable with the end cap in a detachable manner.

An at least two shaft reactor/mixer, in particular for process engineering treatment of highly viscose, elastic and/or solid containing reaction substance and mixture, in which at the housing inner wall inwardly directed static mixing elements are arranged, which interact with scrapers of the at least two shafts in such a way, that in the area of the spaces between the scrapers the static mixing elements and the housing inner wall sheer forces, in particular a flow disturbance, are generated in an enhanced manner. In addition, there is a system including an end cap for a one or multiple shaft reactor/mixer and a discharge screw connector block being connectable with the end cap in a detachable manner.

A method of charging and/or discharging energy in reusable fuel workpieces or particles includes a solar furnace with counter-flowing workpieces and gas, to exchange heat therebetween, with the exiting gas and workpieces being at about ambient temperature. A further aspect employs a production plant including a reduction reactor configured to use excess electrical energy generated by renewable power generators to charge and/or discharge solid-state thermochemical fuel. Another aspect includes a fuel flow control valve using air pulses. An oxygen-deprived and reusable fuel, such as magnesium manganese oxide, or magnesium iron oxide, is also provided. In another aspect, an apparatus for producing a solid-state fuel includes a reduction reactor including a reactor chamber configured to receive concentrated solar energy, and a reactor tube having a recuperation zone, a reduction zone, and a quenching zone, wherein the reduction zone passes through the reactor chamber. A discharged solid-state fuel is configured to be fed down the reactor tube and a low-oxygen gas is configured to flow up the reactor tube.

In accordance with one embodiment, a processing device includes a heated internal wall and a rotating rod positioned within an interior space formed by the heated internal wall. The rotating rod may be hollow and act as an internal heat exchanger. The processing device also includes a plurality of baffles spaced apart from one another along the rotating rod and extending away from the rotating rod towards the heated internal wall. The processing device also includes at least one wiper or roller coupled to an edge of at least one of the plurality of baffles or porous, packed basket, coupled to the rotating rod and that contacts the heated internal wall while rotating together with the rotating rod. In another embodiment, a processing device may be used to adsorb reactive gases into a liquid phase while heat is exchanged.

An apparatus for processing graphite particles is disclosed. The apparatus may comprise an electromagnetic radiation emitting device including a microwave device coupled to the reaction chamber for the creation of electromagnetic waves, the electromagnetic waves comprising microwaves. The apparatus may also comprise an inlet attached to the reaction chamber for introducing graphite particles, and an outlet attached to the reaction chamber for allowing processed graphite particles to exit the reaction chamber. The graphite particles in the reaction chamber thermally altered by exposure to the electromagnetic radiation such that the graphite particles are heated