An installation for carrying out a continuous multi-stage industrial process includes a housing that defines a first space and a second space that is connected to the first through a first connecting channel. Different pressure conditions prevail in these spaces during the course of the process. A process material is passed sequentially through the first space, the first connecting channel and the second space. A transported material is provided in the first connecting channel to form a free-flowing sealing zone with the process material and ensures that different process conditions will be maintained in the two spaces, and in particular that different pressures will be maintained in the two spaces. The invention also relates to a multi-stage continuous industrial process using such an installation.

Exemplary systems and methods associated with activating fluids using indirect plasma. In particular, liquid can be activated to high concentrations and at high volumes by thinning and mixing the liquid as it is exposed to the plasma, resulting more efficient activation. Further increases in activation can be reached by re-circulating fluid for additional exposure to the plasma. High flow rates can be achieved with integrated systems that utilize multiple activation systems with coordinated control.

Biomass (e.g., plant biomass, animal biomass, and municipal waste biomass) is processed to produce useful intermediates and products, such as energy, fuels, foods or materials. For example, systems and methods are described that can be used to treat feedstock materials, such as cellulosic and/or lignocellulosic materials, in a vault in which the equipment is protected from radiation and hazardous gases by equipment enclosures. The equipment enclosures may be purged with gas.

Biomass (e.g., plant biomass, animal biomass, and municipal waste biomass) is processed to produce useful intermediates and products, such as energy, fuels, foods or materials. For example, systems and methods are described that can be used to treat feedstock materials, such as cellulosic and/or lignocellulosic materials, in a vault in which the equipment is protected from radiation and hazardous gases by equipment enclosures. The equipment enclosures may be purged with gas.

Methods and systems are described for processing cellulosic and lignocellulosic materials into useful intermediates and products, such as energy and fuels. For example, conveying systems and methods, such as highly efficient vibratory conveyors, are described for the processing of the cellulosic and lignocellulosic materials.

Methods and systems are described for processing cellulosic and lignocellulosic materials into useful intermediates and products, such as energy and fuels. For example, conveying systems and methods, such as highly efficient vibratory conveyors, are described for the processing of the cellulosic and lignocellulosic materials.

Production of lime (calcium oxide: CaO) from limestone (CaCO.sub.3) is one of the oldest natural chemical processes and this process is reversible, per FIG. 4 (CaCO.sub.3.fwdarw.CaO+CO.sub.2 under 500 to 600 C. heat). Subsequently when lime is exposed to the moving air; carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2) in the air will react with the lime and lime will convert back to limestone. By repeating same limestone to lime chemical process, lime and carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2) will be created. After separating and storing the carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2), process will be repeated continuously, using the same lime.

Production of lime (calcium oxide: CaO) from limestone (CaCO.sub.3) is one of the oldest natural chemical processes and this process is reversible, per FIG. 4 (CaCO.sub.3.fwdarw.CaO+CO.sub.2 under 500 to 600 C. heat). Subsequently when lime is exposed to the moving air; carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2) in the air will react with the lime and lime will convert back to limestone. By repeating same limestone to lime chemical process, lime and carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2) will be created. After separating and storing the carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2), process will be repeated continuously, using the same lime.

Methods and systems are described for processing cellulosic and lignocellulosic materials into useful intermediates and products, such as energy and fuels. For example, conveying systems and methods, such as highly efficient vibratory conveyors, are described for the processing of the cellulosic and lignocellulosic materials.

Methods and systems are described for processing cellulosic and lignocellulosic materials into useful intermediates and products, such as energy and fuels. For example, conveying systems and methods, such as highly efficient vibratory conveyors, are described for the processing of the cellulosic and lignocellulosic materials.