Provided is a method of producing graphene from a microwave-expandable un-exfoliated graphite or graphitic carbon, comprising: (a) feeding a powder of the microwave-expandable material onto a non-metallic solid substrate, wherein the powder is in a ribbon shape having a first ribbon width and a first ribbon thickness; (b) moving the ribbon-shape powder into a microwave applicator chamber containing a microwave power zone having a microwave application width (no less than the first ribbon width) and a microwave penetration depth (no less than the first ribbon thickness) so that the entire ribbon-shape powder receives and absorbs microwave power with a sufficient power level for a sufficient length of time to exfoliate and separate the powder for producing graphene sheets; and (c) moving the graphene sheets out of the microwave chamber, cooling the graphene sheets, and collecting the graphene sheets in a collector container or for a subsequent use.

Provided is a method of producing graphene from a microwave-expandable un-exfoliated graphite or graphitic carbon, comprising: (a) feeding a powder of the microwave-expandable material onto a non-metallic solid substrate, wherein the powder is in a ribbon shape having a first ribbon width and a first ribbon thickness; (b) moving the ribbon-shape powder into a microwave applicator chamber containing a microwave power zone having a microwave application width (no less than the first ribbon width) and a microwave penetration depth (no less than the first ribbon thickness) so that the entire ribbon-shape powder receives and absorbs microwave power with a sufficient power level for a sufficient length of time to exfoliate and separate the powder for producing graphene sheets; and (c) moving the graphene sheets out of the microwave chamber, cooling the graphene sheets, and collecting the graphene sheets in a collector container or for a subsequent use.

The production of lime (CaO; calcium oxide) from limestone (CaCO.sub.3) is one of the oldest natural chemical processes and it is used in construction.

In order to utilize the common knowledge chemical formula, per FIG. 3 (CaCO.sub.3.fwdarw.CaO+CO.sub.2 under 500 C. to 600 C. heat) first, lime needs to be exposed to moving air. Additionally, to speed up the carbon dioxide reaction with lime, lime is mixed with water. The lime and water mixture creates a lime slurry. The lime slurry is then poured into specially designed conveyor pans. Chains will be placed in to pans, prior to pouring the lime slurry. Chains, in this case, act as an enforcement for the lime panels and it will be possible to use magnetic holders to move the panels. After placing the lime slurry in conveyor pans, the slurry will harden. The hardened slurry panels then will be moved from conveyor to cable hangers. Moving cable hangers will provide fresh air contact with the hardened lime panels.

After lime panels react and saturate with CO.sub.2, the lime will be converted back to limestone (CaCO.sub.3; within 24 hours exposure to the air).

At this stage, limestone panels will be crushed, and after grinding, filled into the containers to accomplish the formula in FIG. 3, or the creation of lime and carbon dioxide from limestone.

After CO.sub.2 removal and storage, the process will be repeated continuously, using the same lime.

This method does not need a catalyst and does not create leftover byproducts.

The production of lime (CaO; calcium oxide) from limestone (CaCO.sub.3) is one of the oldest natural chemical processes and it is used in construction.

In order to utilize the common knowledge chemical formula, per FIG. 3 (CaCO.sub.3.fwdarw.CaO+CO.sub.2 under 500 C. to 600 C. heat) first, lime needs to be exposed to moving air. Additionally, to speed up the carbon dioxide reaction with lime, lime is mixed with water. The lime and water mixture creates a lime slurry. The lime slurry is then poured into specially designed conveyor pans. Chains will be placed in to pans, prior to pouring the lime slurry. Chains, in this case, act as an enforcement for the lime panels and it will be possible to use magnetic holders to move the panels. After placing the lime slurry in conveyor pans, the slurry will harden. The hardened slurry panels then will be moved from conveyor to cable hangers. Moving cable hangers will provide fresh air contact with the hardened lime panels.

After lime panels react and saturate with CO.sub.2, the lime will be converted back to limestone (CaCO.sub.3; within 24 hours exposure to the air).

At this stage, limestone panels will be crushed, and after grinding, filled into the containers to accomplish the formula in FIG. 3, or the creation of lime and carbon dioxide from limestone.

After CO.sub.2 removal and storage, the process will be repeated continuously, using the same lime.

This method does not need a catalyst and does not create leftover byproducts.

A reactor for producing a solid carbon material comprising at least one reaction chamber configured to produce a solid carbon material and water vapor through a reduction reaction between at least one carbon oxide and at least one gaseous reducing material in the presence of at least one catalyst material. Additional reactors, and related methods of producing a solid carbon material, and of forming a reactor for producing a solid carbon material are also described.

A reactor for producing a solid carbon material comprising at least one reaction chamber configured to produce a solid carbon material and water vapor through a reduction reaction between at least one carbon oxide and at least one gaseous reducing material in the presence of at least one catalyst material. Additional reactors, and related methods of producing a solid carbon material, and of forming a reactor for producing a solid carbon material are also described.

A process for preparing a catalytic cracking catalyst, which process comprises: a molecular sieve is introduced into a gas-phase ultra-stabilization reactor, the molecular sieve is moved without the conveying of carrier gas from a molecular sieve inlet of the gas-phase ultra-stabilization reactor to a molecular sieve outlet of the gas-phase ultra-stabilization reactor, and the molecular sieve is contacted and reacted with a gaseous SiCl.sub.4 in the gas-phase ultra-stabilization reactor, the molecular sieve resulting from the contacting and the reacting is optionally washed, then mixed with a matrix and water into slurry, and shaped into particles.

A process for preparing a catalytic cracking catalyst, which process comprises: a molecular sieve is introduced into a gas-phase ultra-stabilization reactor, the molecular sieve is moved without the conveying of carrier gas from a molecular sieve inlet of the gas-phase ultra-stabilization reactor to a molecular sieve outlet of the gas-phase ultra-stabilization reactor, and the molecular sieve is contacted and reacted with a gaseous SiCl.sub.4 in the gas-phase ultra-stabilization reactor, the molecular sieve resulting from the contacting and the reacting is optionally washed, then mixed with a matrix and water into slurry, and shaped into particles.

Exemplary systems and methods associated with activating fluids using indirect plasma. In particular, liquid can be activated to high concentrations and at high volumes by thinning and mixing the liquid as it is exposed to the plasma, resulting more efficient activation. Further increases in activation can be reached by re-circulating fluid for additional exposure to the plasma. High flow rates can be achieved with integrated systems that utilize multiple activation systems with coordinated control.

The present invention relates to an apparatus for producing water-absorbing polymer particles by polymerizing monomers on a continuous conveyor belt, wherein joins of the conveyor belt and/or damage on the conveyor belt surface have been sealed with a sealing composition.