Methods related generally to the removal of atmospheric pollutants from the gas phase, are provided, as well as related apparatus, processes and uses thereof. A single-stage air scrubbing apparatus is provided that includes at least one reaction vessel, at least one introduction duct, and a turbulence component, wherein a residence time is sufficient to allow the conversion of at least one atmospheric pollution compound to at least one other compound, molecule or atom. In some embodiments, the at least one atmospheric pollution compound comprises nitrogen oxide, sulfur oxide or a combination thereof. Additionally, methods of removing atmospheric pollution compounds from a waste gas stream are disclosed that include introducing a waste gas stream and at least one additional gas stream, mist stream, liquid stream or combination thereof into a single-stage air scrubbing apparatus at a flow rate sufficient to allow for conversion of the at least one atmospheric pollution compound.

Vortex arc reactor apparatus and method provide a nozzle with converging, throat, and diverging portions. Input structure inputs a reactant and an oxidant into the converging portion. Ignition structure ignites the input reactant and oxidant. A vortex-creating structure creates a vortex of the ignited reactant and oxidant in the converging portion. The input structure, the vortex-creating structure, and the nozzle converging and throat portions are configured to provide a throat-portion-vortex of ignited reactant and oxidant that has an angular velocity which provides (i) negatively-charged particles in an exterior portion of the throat-portion-vortex, (ii) positively-charged particles in an interior portion of the throat-portion-vortex, and (iii) at least one arcing reaction between the positively-charged particles and the negatively-charged particles, to form syngas and at least one aromatic liquid in the nozzle diverging portion. Gas/liquid separation structure is preferably configured to separate the formed syngas from the at least one aromatic liquid.

A reaction apparatus comprising at least one tubular reaction unit (23), a container (41) configured to accommodate the tubular reaction unit (23) and a temperature control medium (51) used in heat exchange with the tubular reaction unit (23), and a nozzle (31) configured to eject the temperature control medium (51) toward the tubular reaction unit (23) in the container. The reaction apparatus further comprising a movable part (34) configured to adjust an ejection direction of the nozzle (31) is preferred. The reaction apparatus allows for effectively performing the temperature control even when the tubular reaction unit is immersed in a temperature control medium.

A reactor for carrying out a gas-phase olefin polymerization in the presence of a polymerization catalyst, made from or containing (i) a first polymerization zone adapted and arranged for growing polymer particles to flow upward under fast fluidization or transport conditions, (ii) a second polymerization zone adapted and arranged for the growing polymer particles to flow downward, and (iii) a set of bars for introducing feedstock or a barrier stream into the reactor, wherein each bar has (a) a hollow space along the length of the bar, (b) a particle deviating top, and (c) a multiplicity of openings arranged along the bottom half of the periphery of the bar.

A reactor (12) and method for the conversion of hydrocarbons utilizes a reactor (12) having a unique feed assembly (56) that creates an inwardly spiraling fluid flow pattern of the feed gases to form a swirling gas mixture that passes through a conduit (46) with a constricted neck portion or nozzle (52). At least a portion of the swirling gas mixture forms a thin, annular mixed gas flow layer immediately adjacent to the conduit (46). A portion of the swirling gas mixture is combusted as the swirling gas mixture passes through the conduit (46) for conversion of hydrocarbons.

A device for treating crude oil or heavy fuel oil with a method that can lower the pour point to at least 0 C. Crude oil or heavy fuel oil treated thusly maintains this property for at least one year. The device for lowering the pour point of crude oil or heavy fuel oil uses a specific ionization method. The method is conducted by passing a heated medium through the main ionization device which is grounded and which includes three parallelly connected segments whereby each segment includes a protective copper tube inside which a protective insulating shell is situated, inside which a copper housing is situated. In each copper housing there is one cylindrical-shaped external core in which an internal core is placed, and the external core and internal core are manufactured as two different alloys by composition. Also described is a process for casting the external core and internal core.

An integrated reactor system for performing an ionic liquid-catalyzed hydrocarbon conversion is provided. The integrated reactor system provides intimate and rapid mixing between hydrocarbon reactants and ionic liquid catalysts while simultaneously removing reaction heat with a heat exchanger that is internal to the hydrocarbon conversion reactor.

Methods related generally to the removal of atmospheric pollutants from the gas phase, are provided, as well as related apparatus, processes and uses thereof. A single-stage air scrubbing apparatus is provided that includes at least one reaction vessel, at least one introduction duct, and a turbulence component, wherein a residence time is sufficient to allow the conversion of at least one atmospheric pollution compound to at least one other compound, molecule or atom. In some embodiments, the at least one atmospheric pollution compound comprises nitrogen oxide, sulfur oxide or a combination thereof. Additionally, methods of removing atmospheric pollution compounds from a waste gas stream are disclosed that include introducing a waste gas stream and at least one additional gas stream, mist stream, liquid stream or combination thereof into a single-stage air scrubbing apparatus at a flow rate sufficient to allow for conversion of the at least one atmospheric pollution compound.

Reactor systems and processes produce organic acids through thermolysis of polylactones. The reactor systems and processes introduce at least one epoxide reagent and carbon monoxide reagent to at least one reaction vessel through at least one feed stream inlet. The epoxide reagent and carbon monoxide reagent contact at least one carbonylation catalyst to produce at least one beta-lactone intermediate. The beta-lactone intermediate is polymerized with at least one initiator in the presence of a metal cation to produce at least one polylactone product. The polylactone product is heated under thermolysis conditions to produce at least one organic acid product. The processes control the presence of contaminates, impurities, catalytic materials, and/or reagents to provide for highly pure organic acid products.

The invention is directed to a method for carrying out a continuous physical or chemical process, in particular crystallization. The method of the invention comprises: comprisingflowing a fluid through a channel comprising an inlet and an outlet for said fluid, wherein said channel is at least in part curved and comprises at least two curvatures,allowing said process to occur at least in part in said fluid in the presence of Dean vortices in said fluid, whilereversing the direction of the flow of said fluid in said channel multiple times, wherein Dean vortices in the fluid in the channel are maintained while the flow is reversed.