We describe vortical thin layer film flow along a spiral channel designed to improve mass and heat transfer efficiency for a multitude of physicochemical reactions and processes. Spiral channels, commonly augmented by centrifugal rotation, support rapid reaction between one or more fluids in a given channel. Dean vortices generate screw-shaped patterns processing axially in the channel, repeatedly refreshing radial interfaces. Fluids self-align, self-assemble, stable, controllable, exhibit thin film geometry. Multiple discrete lamellae can flow with independent velocity separated by density and may be soluble or insoluble in one another. Membranes separating spirals allow other interactions. Energy can be provided and extracted from each flow. Flows can enter or exit independently along the channel length. The pressure within each channel is controlled even when operated at the liquid's vapor pressure. The device is scalable to include a multiplicity of flows in a multiplicity of centrifugally rotating chambers.

A substance is treated using a device having: (a) a volute or cyclone head, (b) a throat connected to the volute or cyclone head, (c) a parabolic reflector connected to the throat, (d) a first wave energy source comprising a first electrode within the volute or cyclone head that extends through the outlet into the opening of the throat along the central axis, and a second electrode extending into the parabolic reflector and spaced apart and axially aligned with first electrode, and (e) a second wave energy source disposed inside the throat, embedded within the throat or disposed around the throat. The substance is directed to the inlet of the volute or cyclone head and irradiated with one or more wave energies produced by the first and second wave energy sources as the substance passes through the device.

A thin-film treatment apparatus for treating viscous material, including a housing, having a heatable and/or coolable housing casing, which encloses a rotationally symmetric treatment chamber extending in the axial direction, an inlet port, arranged in an inlet region of the housing, for feeding the material to be treated into the treatment chamber, an outlet port, arranged in an outlet region of the housings, for discharging the material from the treatment chamber, and a coaxially extending, drivable rotor shaft, arranged in the treatment chamber, for producing a material film on the inner face of the housing casing and for conveying the material in the direction from the inlet region toward the outlet region, the rotor shaft including a central rotor shaft body and rotor blades arranged on the circumference thereof, the radially outermost end of which rotor blades is distanced from the inner face of the housing casing.

A reactor for producing synthesis gas by partial oxidation of a carbon-containing fuel, having a reaction space and a cooling space, wherein a cooled gas guide tube connects the reaction space and the cooling space to one another. The gas guide tube has a gas inlet region, which adjoins the reaction space, and a gas outlet region, which adjoins the cooling space. The gas guide tube has an inner tube and an outer tube, as a result of which an annular gap is formed, wherein the annular gap is connected fluidically to a coolant feed, and the inner tube has an opening to the annular gap in the gas inlet region of the gas guide tube, and a baffle is arranged in the region of this opening, and an orifice is arranged in the gas outlet region of the gas guide tube.

Disclosed are a porous graphene member having through-holes formed therein, a method for manufacturing the porous graphene member, and an apparatus for manufacturing the porous graphene member using the method. The method comprises: introducing a carbon source and a substitution reaction source into a deposition furnace; thermally decomposing the carbon source and the substitution reaction source simultaneously to generate carbon atoms and substitution atoms, respectively, wherein the carbon atoms are deposited on a substrate present within the deposition furnace to form a graphene film consisting of a monoatomic layer structure, and during the deposition of carbon atoms, the substitution atoms not only interfere with covalent bonds between the carbon atoms to cause crystal defects, but also substitute for parts of the carbon atoms to in situ form through-holes in the graphene, thereby creating the porous graphene member; and releasing the porous graphene member from the substrate.

Disclosed are a porous graphene member having through-holes formed therein, a method for manufacturing the porous graphene member, and an apparatus for manufacturing the porous graphene member using the method. The method comprises: introducing a carbon source and a substitution reaction source into a deposition furnace; thermally decomposing the carbon source and the substitution reaction source simultaneously to generate carbon atoms and substitution atoms, respectively, wherein the carbon atoms are deposited on a substrate present within the deposition furnace to form a graphene film consisting of a monoatomic layer structure, and during the deposition of carbon atoms, the substitution atoms not only interfere with covalent bonds between the carbon atoms to cause crystal defects, but also substitute for parts of the carbon atoms to in situ form through-holes in the graphene, thereby creating the porous graphene member; and releasing the porous graphene member from the substrate.

Apparatus for undertaking a chemical reaction includes an elongate housing and a receptacle. The elongate housing may include a cooling means, and end fittings, which may include ports where fluids may be introduced and/or removed. In use of the apparatus, a chemical reaction product is formed within the receptacle. Subsequently the receptacle containing the chemical reaction product is withdrawn from the elongate housing.

A method of manufacturing packing includes: determining types of a gas and a liquid which are brought into gas-liquid contact and a main plate to be used; calculating a relationship between a contact angle and a liquid film length ratio; determining the arrangement (intervals) of a rib; determining rib conditions; calculating the minimum value of the flow direction length of the rib satisfying the contact angle and a strength requirement; confirming whether or not a liquid film length is greater than the minimum value; and determining the flow direction length of the rib within a range from the minimum value to the liquid film length.

A substance is treated using a device having: (a) a volute or cyclone head, (b) a throat connected to the volute or cyclone head, (c) a parabolic reflector connected to the throat, (d) a first wave energy source comprising a first electrode within the volute or cyclone head that extends through the outlet into the opening of the throat along the central axis, and a second electrode extending into the parabolic reflector and spaced apart and axially aligned with first electrode, and (e) a second wave energy source disposed inside the throat, embedded within the throat or disposed around the throat. The substance is directed to the inlet of the volute or cyclone head and irradiated with one or more wave energies produced by the first and second wave energy sources as the substance passes through the device.

A reactor includes a reactor vessel, a liquid film in contact with and coating at least a portion of a surface of an interior of the reactor vessel, and one or more reaction products in contact with the liquid film within the reactor vessel. The liquid film is configured to wet at least a portion of the surface of the interior of the reactor vessel, and the liquid film is formed from a material that inhibits the deposition of at least one reaction product of the one or more reaction products on the surface of the interior of the reactor vessel.