Apparatuses for generation of a gas, for example chlorine dioxide, methods of forming an apparatus, and methods of use thereof are provided. The apparatus may include at least one pouch composed of a hydrophobic material and a reactant disposed within the interior of the pouch. The reactant generates a desired gas in the presence of an initiating agent.

Hydrogen-producing fuel processing systems and related methods. The systems include a hydrogen-producing region configured to produce a mixed gas stream from a feedstock stream, a hydrogen-separation membrane module having at least one hydrogen-selective membrane and configured to separate the mixed gas stream into a product hydrogen stream and a byproduct stream, and an oxidant delivery system configured to deliver an oxidant-containing stream to the hydrogen-separation membrane module in situ to increase hydrogen permeance of the hydrogen-selective membrane. The methods include operating a hydrogen-producing fuel processing system in a hydrogen-producing regime, and subsequently operating the hydrogen-producing fuel processing system in a restoration regime, in which an oxidant-containing stream is delivered to the hydrogen-separation membrane module in situ to expose the at least one hydrogen-selective membrane to the oxidant-containing stream to increase the hydrogen permeance of the at least one hydrogen-selective membrane.

The subject of the present invention is a process for the synthesis of C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkyl (meth)acrylates, by direct esterification of the (meth)acrylic acid by the corresponding alcohol, the reaction being carried out in a fixed bed membrane reactor under conditions in which the water generated by the reaction is eliminated from the reaction mixture as it is formed. The process according to the invention may operate under conditions for which the reagents are not in excess, thereby minimizing the size and energy of the equipment for separation/recycling of the streams generated during the purification of the reaction medium.

A process for conversion of natural gas to aromatic hydrocarbons in a catalytic membrane reactor is described herein. The catalytic membrane reactor comprises a dehydrogenation catalyst and a membrane that can selectively transport hydrogen under high temperature operating conditions such as 600 C. to 800 C. Aromatic hydrocarbons are produced stably for a long time by a process characterized by hydrogen co-feed with the reaction gases to the one end of the to the reaction zone while hydrogen is extracted selectively with use of the membrane as the reactive gas mix passes through the reaction zone.

A system and a method for converting Natural Gas (NG) to high energy transportable liquid (such as gasoline) are disclosed. A semiconductor UV-source is used for initiate a photo lytic reaction between methane molecules and photons having energy equal or bigger than the energy of dissociation of the CH bond in methane. The formed radicals are further react to produce higher molecular weight hydrocarbons, while hydrogen gas is separates from the reaction mixture in order to avoid reverse reactions.

A fiber reaction process whereby reactive components contained in immiscible streams are brought into contact to effect chemical reactions and separations. The conduit reactor utilized contains wettable fibers onto which one stream is substantially constrained and a second stream is flowed over to continuously create a new interface there between to efficiently bring about contact of the reactive species and thus promote reactions thereof or extractions thereby. Co-solvents and phase transfer catalysts may be employed to facilitate the process.

A carbon dioxide conversion system is provided. The carbon dioxide conversion system includes: an ion transfer membrane that separates oxygen in the air; an oxy-fuel combustor that combusts using oxygen that is separated at the ion transfer membrane as an oxidizing agent; and a dry-reformer that converts carbon dioxide that is generated through an oxy-fuel combustion reaction of the oxy-fuel combustor and methane gas that is supplied from the outside to carbon monoxide and hydrogen by a dry-reforming reaction.

A method of generating a desired gas is provided. The method includes introducing a matrix comprising media containing a parent compound and an inert media into an effusion tube comprising a first zone and a second zone. The first zone includes a micro-porous metal tube, and a closed end. The second zone includes a non-porous metal tube, and an open end. Heating the effusion tube, produces a desired gas.

The present invention relates to production processes for reactive monomer species. The method described herein may be used in a variety of reactive monomer production processes to optimise the use of polymerisation inhibitor compounds, which may lead to further advantages such as debottlenecking or elimination of process plant separation unit(s). The method provides for the separation of oligomeric/polymeric species, inhibitor compounds and reactive monomer, optionally in the presence of unreacted raw materials or solvent(s), within the production process by means of membrane filtration, particularly through the use of solvent stable membranes, and in particular by applying organic solvent nanofiltration membranes.

The invention relates to a method particularly for reacting phosgene with compounds that contain hydroxyl, thiol, amino and/or formamide groups, comprising the steps of: (I) providing a reactor which has a first reaction chamber (300, 310, 320, 330, 340, 350) and a second reaction chamber (200, 210, 220, 230, 240, 250, 260), the first and the second reaction chambers being separated from one another by means of a porous carbon membrane (100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150); (II) providing carbon monoxide and chlorine in the first reaction chamber; and simultaneously (III) providing a compound containing hydroxyl, thiol, amino and/or formamide groups in the second reaction chamber. The porous carbon membrane is configured to catalyse the reaction of carbon monoxide and chlorine to obtain phosgene, and to allow this formed phosgene to pass into the second reaction chamber. The invention also relates to a reactor that is suitable for carrying out the claimed method.