A method of producing hydrogen in a plant for hydrogen production during combustion of a mixture of hydrocarbon feedstock with an oxidizer with an oxidant excess ratio of less than 1. The method is characterized in that the combustion process is carried out at a temperature of less than 1400 K inside several cavities, completely or partially formed by a material permeable to a mixture of hydrocarbon feedstock with an oxidant.

There is described a method of producing hydrogen and nitrogen using a feedstock gas reactor. Reaction of feedstock and combustion gases in the reactor produces hydrogen and nitrogen through pyrolysis of the feedstock gas. Parameters of the process may be adjusted to control the ratio of hydrogen to nitrogen that is produced such that it may be suitable, for example, for the synthesis of ammonia.

Bifunctional catalyst compositions, methods, and systems are provided for the use of CO.sub.2 as a soft oxidizing agent to effectively convert low-value small alkanes to high-value small olefins. The bifunctional catalyst comprises a metal oxide catalyst and a redox-active ceramic support.

Apparatuses for generation of a gas, for example chlorine dioxide, methods of forming an apparatus, and methods of use thereof are provided. The apparatus may include at least one pouch composed of a hydrophobic material and a reactant disposed within the interior of the pouch. The reactant generates a desired gas in the presence of an initiating agent.

Hydrogen-producing fuel processing systems and related methods. The systems include a hydrogen-producing region configured to produce a mixed gas stream from a feedstock stream, a hydrogen-separation membrane module having at least one hydrogen-selective membrane and configured to separate the mixed gas stream into a product hydrogen stream and a byproduct stream, and an oxidant delivery system configured to deliver an oxidant-containing stream to the hydrogen-separation membrane module in situ to increase hydrogen permeance of the hydrogen-selective membrane. The methods include operating a hydrogen-producing fuel processing system in a hydrogen-producing regime, and subsequently operating the hydrogen-producing fuel processing system in a restoration regime, in which an oxidant-containing stream is delivered to the hydrogen-separation membrane module in situ to expose the at least one hydrogen-selective membrane to the oxidant-containing stream to increase the hydrogen permeance of the at least one hydrogen-selective membrane.

The present disclosure provides device having a reaction vessel with one or more permeable membranes disposed therein that separate the reaction vessel into at least a first portion and a second portion. The one or more membranes permit first reactants from a first solution in the first portion or reactants from a second solution in the second portion to seep or percolate to a reaction zone proximate a surface of the one or more membranes. A reaction of the first and second reactants forms a two-dimensional polymer film material. A roller located inside of the reaction vessel draws the two-dimensional polymer film material reaction out of the reaction zone.

A method of and apparatus for recovering an alcohol solvent from a liquid mixture of the solvent and plant oil and decarboxylating the plant oil may include, pressurizing the liquid mixture to a super-atmospheric pressure, recirculating the pressurized liquid mixture a plurality of times through at least one membrane separator to separate some of the solvent from the mixture to provide a concentrated mixture of the plant oil with less solvent, reducing the pressure of the liquid concentrated mixture to less than 15 psig, heating it at a pressure of less than 15 psig to a temperature sufficient to vaporize the solvent in the concentrated mixture, removing sufficient heat from the vaporized solvent to condense it to a liquid solvent at atmospheric pressure and temperature conditions, and heating the plant oil to a temperature desirably of at least 215° F. to decarboxylate the plant oil.

A catalytic membrane composite that includes porous supported catalyst particles durably enmeshed in a porous fibrillated polymer membrane is provided. The porous fibrillated polymer membrane may be manipulated to take the form of a tube, disc, or diced tape and used in multiphase reaction systems. The supported catalyst particles are composed of at least one finely divided metal catalyst dispersed on a porous support substrate. High catalytic activity is gained by the effective fine dispersion of the finely divided metal catalyst such that the metal catalyst covers the support substrate and/or is interspersed in the pores of the support substrate. In some embodiments, the catalytic membrane composite may be introduced to a stirred tank autoclave reactor system, a continuous flow reactor system, or a Parr Shaker reaction system and used to effect the catalytic reaction.

In a chemical reaction device that improves a yield of a product and that causes a reaction, progress of which in a gaseous phase is restricted by a chemical equilibrium between a source material and the product, a cumulative value is not less than 500 mm.sup.2, the cumulative value being obtained by cumulatively adding, from one end to the other end of a cooling surface in a height direction, products of (i) a distance L between (a) a surface of a catalyst layer which surface is in contact with a transmission wall and (b) an outer surface of the cooling surface and (ii) a height H of the catalyst layer corresponding to the outer surface having the distance L.

A stable aluminum slurry fuel and related systems and methods of use are provided herein. Certain embodiments of the disclosure are related to an aluminum slurry fuel comprising a plurality of aluminum particles dispersed in a carrier fluid. In some embodiments, the aluminum particles comprise an activating composition comprising gallium and/or indium. Additionally, methods of making and using the aluminum slurry fuel are presented herein. For instance, the resultant aluminum slurry fuel may react exothermically with water over a wide range of temperatures to produce hydrogen. The resulting slurry fuel may be used as an energy source for various applications and/or for generating hydrogen for other applications.