A reducing agent for use in production of a product gas containing carbon monoxide, the reducing agent being brought into contact with a raw material gas containing carbon dioxide to reduce the carbon dioxide to produce the product gas; the reducing agent containing an oxygen carrier having oxygen ionic conductivity, and a basic oxide supported on the oxygen carrier. In addition, the basic oxide preferably contains at least one selected from the group consisting of lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), cobalt (Co), strontium (Sr), and rubidium (Rb). The reducing agent has a high conversion efficiency of carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide, and can be used, for example, in a chemical looping method, and a method for producing a gas using such a reducing agent.

The present invention provides a catalyst composition for the production of olefins from lighter alkanes by oxidative dehydrogenation route and methods of making the dehydrogenation catalyst composites.

The present invention provides a catalyst composition for the production of olefins from lighter alkanes by oxidative dehydrogenation route and methods of making the dehydrogenation catalyst composites.

Catalysts, catalytic materials having catalysts present on supports and catalytic methods are provided. The catalysts, catalytic material and methods are useful in a variety of catalytic reactions, for example, the oxidative coupling of methane.

Provided is a method of preparing photoluminescent photocatalyst beads for removing harmful substances or viruses present in air, soil, and water, and more particularly to a method of preparing photoluminescent photocatalyst beads that are efficient in decomposing and removing a mixture of hard-to-decompose organic contaminants and removing viruses by preparing a photoluminescent photocatalyst in the form of a bead, and photoluminescent photocatalyst beads obtained from the method.

Provided is a method of preparing photoluminescent photocatalyst beads for removing harmful substances or viruses present in air, soil, and water, and more particularly to a method of preparing photoluminescent photocatalyst beads that are efficient in decomposing and removing a mixture of hard-to-decompose organic contaminants and removing viruses by preparing a photoluminescent photocatalyst in the form of a bead, and photoluminescent photocatalyst beads obtained from the method.

A process for the production of an ester product from a mixture of at least two different ester compounds includes the steps of mixing together at least two different starting ester compounds to form a first ester mixture; and contacting the first ester mixture with a catalyst including from 30-60% of calcium oxide and at least one second metal oxide at a temperature of at least 180° C., for a duration of at least one hour, with mixing, to form a second ester mixture having a melting point which is lower than the melting point of the first ester mixture.

A process for the production of an ester product from a mixture of at least two different ester compounds includes the steps of mixing together at least two different starting ester compounds to form a first ester mixture; and contacting the first ester mixture with a catalyst including from 30-60% of calcium oxide and at least one second metal oxide at a temperature of at least 180° C., for a duration of at least one hour, with mixing, to form a second ester mixture having a melting point which is lower than the melting point of the first ester mixture.

A method for producing ketones includes a) providing a feedstock of biological origin having fatty acids and/or fatty acid derivatives having an average chain length of 24 C-atoms or less; b) subjecting the feedstock to a catalytic ketonization reaction in the presence of aK.sub.2O/TiO.sub.2-catalyst; and c) obtaining from the ketonization reaction a product stream having ketones, which ketones have a longer average hydrocarbon chain length than the average hydrocarbon chain length in the feedstock, wherein step b) is carried out directly on the feedstock and in the presence of the K.sub.2O/TiO.sub.2-catalyst as the sole catalyst applied in the ketonization reaction.

A method for producing ketones includes a) providing a feedstock of biological origin having fatty acids and/or fatty acid derivatives having an average chain length of 24 C-atoms or less; b) subjecting the feedstock to a catalytic ketonization reaction in the presence of aK.sub.2O/TiO.sub.2-catalyst; and c) obtaining from the ketonization reaction a product stream having ketones, which ketones have a longer average hydrocarbon chain length than the average hydrocarbon chain length in the feedstock, wherein step b) is carried out directly on the feedstock and in the presence of the K.sub.2O/TiO.sub.2-catalyst as the sole catalyst applied in the ketonization reaction.