A method can prepare a carboxylic ester. The method includes reacting an aldehyde in the presence of an aluminium alkoxide applied to a support material.

A catalyst for the homopolymerization or copolymerization of CH.sub.2CHR olefins, made from or containing the product obtained by contacting: (i) a solid catalyst component made from or containing Ti, Mg, Cl, and an internal electron donor compound, wherein the solid catalyst component contains from about 0.1 to about 50 wt % of Bi, based upon the total weight of the solid catalyst component; (ii) an alkyl aluminum compound and, (iii) an external electron donor compound having the formula:
(R1)aSi(OR2)b
wherein R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl radicals with 1-8 carbon atoms and a is 0 or 1 and a+b=4.

A catalyst for the homopolymerization or copolymerization of CH.sub.2CHR olefins, made from or containing the product obtained by contacting: (i) a solid catalyst component made from or containing Ti, Mg, Cl, and an internal electron donor compound, wherein the solid catalyst component contains from about 0.1 to about 50 wt % of Bi, based upon the total weight of the solid catalyst component; (ii) an alkyl aluminum compound and, (iii) an external electron donor compound having the formula:
(R1)aSi(OR2)b
wherein R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl radicals with 1-8 carbon atoms and a is 0 or 1 and a+b=4.

The present embodiments provide: a reduction catalyst having high reaction efficiency, a reduction reactor including the same and a reduction method using the same. This catalyst includes a conductor and an organic layer comprises organic modifying groups capable of binding to the surface of the conductor, wherein the organic modifying groups contain a nitrogen-containing heterocycle.

Shaped porous carbon products and processes for preparing these products are provided. The shaped porous carbon products can be used, for example, as catalyst supports and adsorbents. Catalyst compositions including these shaped porous carbon products, processes of preparing the catalyst compositions, and various processes of using the shaped porous carbon products and catalyst compositions are also provided.

A composition of formula
Ce.sub.1-a-b-cN.sub.aM.sub.bD.sub.cO.sub.xI
wherein M stands for one or more elements from the group of alkaline metals, except sodium, N is Bi and/or Sb, D is present, or is not present, and if present is selected from one or more of Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba; Y, La, Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd, Er; Fe, Zr, Nb, Al; a is a number within the range of 0<a0.9, b is a number within the range of 0<b0.3, c is a number within the range of 0<c0.2, a plus b plus c is <1, and x is a number within the range of 1.2x2, and its use for exhaust gas aftertreatment systems of Diesel engines, gasoline combustion engines, lean burn engines and power plants.

A composition of formula
Ce.sub.1-a-b-cN.sub.aM.sub.bD.sub.cO.sub.xI
wherein M stands for one or more elements from the group of alkaline metals, except sodium, N is Bi and/or Sb, D is present, or is not present, and if present is selected from one or more of Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba; Y, La, Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd, Er; Fe, Zr, Nb, Al; a is a number within the range of 0<a0.9, b is a number within the range of 0<b0.3, c is a number within the range of 0<c0.2, a plus b plus c is <1, and x is a number within the range of 1.2x2, and its use for exhaust gas aftertreatment systems of Diesel engines, gasoline combustion engines, lean burn engines and power plants.

The present invention provides a catalyst system for producing cyclic carbonates from carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2) and epoxide-based compounds comprising: a pre-catalyst; and a co-catalyst wherein said pre catalyst is BiCl.sub.3 and said co-catalyst is selected from tetra-n-butylammonium bromide (TBAB), tetra-n-butylammonium iodide (TBAI), tetra-n-butylphosphonium bromide (PBu.sub.4Br), tetra-n-butylphosphonium iodide (PBu.sub.4I) or mixtures thereof.

The present invention provides a catalyst system for producing cyclic carbonates from carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2) and epoxide-based compounds comprising: a pre-catalyst; and a co-catalyst wherein said pre catalyst is BiCl.sub.3 and said co-catalyst is selected from tetra-n-butylammonium bromide (TBAB), tetra-n-butylammonium iodide (TBAI), tetra-n-butylphosphonium bromide (PBu.sub.4Br), tetra-n-butylphosphonium iodide (PBu.sub.4I) or mixtures thereof.

The present invention provides a catalyst system for producing cyclic carbonates comprising: a pre-catalyst, which is BiCl.sub.3 having amounts in the range from 5 to 10% by weight of silica support; a compound having formula (I) ##STR00001## wherein: Y is selected from bromide (Br.sup.?) or iodide (I.sup.?); R.sup.1, R.sup.2, and R.sup.3 are methyl group or R.sup.1, R.sup.2, and R.sup.3 are taken together to form a heteroaryl ring having formula (II) ##STR00002##
and a silica (SiO.sub.2) support.