An electrocoat system for electrodeposition is described. The system includes an inorganic bismuth-containing compound or a mixture of inorganic and organic bismuth-containing compounds. The system demonstrates a high degree of crosslinking and produces a cured coating with optimal crosslinking and corrosion resistance.

A method hydrofluorinates an olefin of the formula: RCX=CYZ to produce a hydrofluoroalkane of formula RCXFCHYZ or RCXHCFYZ, where X, Y, and Z are independently the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of H, F, Cl, Br, and C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl which is partially or fully substituted with chloro or fluoro or bromo; and R is a C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl which is unsubstituted or substituted with chloro or fluoro or bromo. The method includes reacting the olefin with HF in the vapor phase, in the presence of SbF.sub.5, at a temperature ranging from about −30° C. to about 65° C. and compositions formed by the process.

A method hydrofluorinates an olefin of the formula: RCX=CYZ to produce a hydrofluoroalkane of formula RCXFCHYZ or RCXHCFYZ, where X, Y, and Z are independently the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of H, F, Cl, Br, and C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl which is partially or fully substituted with chloro or fluoro or bromo; and R is a C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl which is unsubstituted or substituted with chloro or fluoro or bromo. The method includes reacting the olefin with HF in the vapor phase, in the presence of SbF.sub.5, at a temperature ranging from about −30° C. to about 65° C. and compositions formed by the process.

A layered diesel oxidation catalyst for treatment of exhaust gas emissions from a diesel engine comprising: a flow-through monolith substrate having a honeycomb structure and comprising a front zone and a rear zone, wherein the front zone of the substrate comprises a combination of layers, one on top of another and comprising two or more of layers A, B and C; and the rear zone comprises Layer D, wherein: Layer A comprises platinum, palladium, or combinations thereof on a molecular sieve; Layer B comprises 1) platinum, palladium, or combinations thereof on a refractory metal oxide support; and 2) an alkaline earth metal, preferably barium, strontium or combinations thereof; Layer C comprises 1) a platinum group metal, which is platinum or a combination of both platinum and palladium on a refractory metal oxide support; and 2) a promoter metal, which is manganese and/or bismuth; and layer D comprises 1) platinum or a combination of both platinum and palladium on a refractory metal oxide support; and 2) manganese (Mn).

A method of forming a bismuth-based catalyst can include mixing an inorganic alkali compound, a bismuth source compound, a transition metal precursor, and a reducing agent in an aqueous solution to form a bismuth precursor liquid. The bismuth precursor liquid can be hydrothermally reacted at a conversion temperature for a conversion time to produce the bismuth-based catalyst.

A method of forming a bismuth-based catalyst can include mixing an inorganic alkali compound, a bismuth source compound, a transition metal precursor, and a reducing agent in an aqueous solution to form a bismuth precursor liquid. The bismuth precursor liquid can be hydrothermally reacted at a conversion temperature for a conversion time to produce the bismuth-based catalyst.

An electrocoat system for electrodeposition is described. The system includes an inorganic bismuth-containing compound or a mixture of inorganic and organic bismuth-containing compounds. The system demonstrates a high degree of crosslinking and produces a cured coating with optimal crosslinking and corrosion resistance.

An electrocoat system for electrodeposition is described. The system includes an inorganic bismuth-containing compound or a mixture of inorganic and organic bismuth-containing compounds. The system demonstrates a high degree of crosslinking and produces a cured coating with optimal crosslinking and corrosion resistance.

According to various aspects and embodiments, multilayer particles having an irregular surface architecture and methods of making the same are disclosed.

According to various aspects and embodiments, multilayer particles having an irregular surface architecture and methods of making the same are disclosed.