The oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane comprises contacting a mixture of ethane and oxygen in an ODH reactor with an ODH catalyst under conditions that promote oxidation of ethane into ethylene. Conditions within the reactor are controlled by the operator and include, but are not limited to, parameters such as 5 temperature, pressure, and flow rate. Conditions will vary and can be optimized for a specific catalyst, or whether an inert diluent is used in the mixing of the reactants. Disclosed herein is a catalyst consisting of: Mo.sub.0-1W.sub.0.3-1V.sub.0.2-0.4Te.sub.0.06-0.10Fe.sub.0.0-0.10Nb.sub.0.08-0.18O.sub.X where X is determined by the valance of the metals.

Denitration catalyst unit, comprising two or more platy catalyst elements, wherein the platy catalyst element has an edge located on gas-inflow side, an edge located on gas-outflow side and edges located on either side of the platy catalyst element, the platy catalyst elements are piled so as to align the edges located on gas-inflow side and the edges located on either side of the platy catalyst elements respectively, each of the platy catalyst elements alternately has more than one flat part in the shape of a flat plate and more than one concavo-convex part in the shape of platy convex strips on the upper and lower surfaces, the platy convex strips are parallel to one another and are obliquely disposed at an angle θ of not less than 50° and not more than 85° to an extending direction of the edge located on gas-inflow side of the platy catalyst element so that a ridge of the platy convex strip on the upper surface of one of the platy catalyst elements intersects with a ridge of the platy convex strip on the lower surface of another of the platy catalyst elements adjacent, at least one of the intersection points is within a range x of more than 0 mm and less than 25 mm inward from the edge located on gas-inflow side of the platy catalyst element.

A process includes reacting a feed stream containing ethanol and optionally acetaldehyde in a dehydration reactor in the presence of a dehydration catalyst system having a Group 4 or Group 5 metal oxide and a support. The process includes obtaining a product stream containing butadiene from the dehydration reactor. Another process includes reacting a feed stream containing ethanol and optionally acetaldehyde in a dehydration reactor in the presence of a dehydration catalyst system containing a tungsten oxide supported on a zeolite or a tantalum oxide supported on a zeolite. The process includes obtaining a product stream containing butadiene from the dehydration reactor.

A process includes reacting a feed stream containing ethanol and optionally acetaldehyde in a dehydration reactor in the presence of a dehydration catalyst system having a Group 4 or Group 5 metal oxide and a support. The process includes obtaining a product stream containing butadiene from the dehydration reactor. Another process includes reacting a feed stream containing ethanol and optionally acetaldehyde in a dehydration reactor in the presence of a dehydration catalyst system containing a tungsten oxide supported on a zeolite or a tantalum oxide supported on a zeolite. The process includes obtaining a product stream containing butadiene from the dehydration reactor.

A method of forming a bismuth-based catalyst can include mixing an inorganic alkali compound, a bismuth source compound, a transition metal precursor, and a reducing agent in an aqueous solution to form a bismuth precursor liquid. The bismuth precursor liquid can be hydrothermally reacted at a conversion temperature for a conversion time to produce the bismuth-based catalyst.

The present invention relates to a selective catalytic reduction catalyst for the treatment of an exhaust gas of a combustion engine, the catalyst comprising a substrate comprising an inlet end, an outlet end, a substrate axial length extending from the inlet end to the outlet end and a plurality of passages defined by internal walls of the substrate extending therethrough; a coating disposed on the substrate (i), the coating comprising a first non-zeolitic oxidic material comprising aluminum, an 8-membered ring pore zeolitic material comprising one or more of copper and iron, and a second non-zeolitic oxidic material comprising cerium and one or more of zirconium, aluminum, silicon, lanthanum, niobium, iron, manganese, titanium, tungsten, copper, molybdenum, neodymium, cobalt, chromium, tin and praseodymium; wherein at least 65 weight-% of the coating consist of the 8-membered ring pore zeolitic material comprising one or more of copper and iron.

The present invention relates to a selective catalytic reduction catalyst for the treatment of an exhaust gas of a combustion engine, the catalyst comprising a substrate comprising an inlet end, an outlet end, a substrate axial length extending from the inlet end to the outlet end and a plurality of passages defined by internal walls of the substrate extending therethrough; a coating disposed on the substrate (i), the coating comprising a first non-zeolitic oxidic material comprising aluminum, an 8-membered ring pore zeolitic material comprising one or more of copper and iron, and a second non-zeolitic oxidic material comprising cerium and one or more of zirconium, aluminum, silicon, lanthanum, niobium, iron, manganese, titanium, tungsten, copper, molybdenum, neodymium, cobalt, chromium, tin and praseodymium; wherein at least 65 weight-% of the coating consist of the 8-membered ring pore zeolitic material comprising one or more of copper and iron.

Disclosed herein are base metal catalyst devices for removing ozone, volatile organic compounds, and other pollutants from an air flow stream. A catalyst device includes a housing, a solid substrate disposed within the housing, and a catalyst layer disposed on the substrate. The catalyst layer includes a first base metal catalyst at a first mass percent, a second base metal catalyst at a second mass percent, and a support material impregnated with at least one of the first base metal catalyst or the second base metal catalyst. The preferred catalyst composition is a combination of manganese oxide and copper oxide.

A butadiene production system and a butadiene production method are provided in which the yield is high and environmental load can be reduced. The butadiene production system (1) includes: a gas preparation device (10) that heats raw materials to prepare a mixed gas including hydrogen and carbon monoxide; an ethanol production device (12) that is provided downstream of the gas preparation device (10) and brings the mixed gas into contact with a first catalyst to obtain ethanol; a butadiene production device (16) that is provided downstream of the ethanol production device (12) and brings the ethanol into contact with a second catalyst to obtain butadiene; and return means (18) for returning hydrogen, ethylene, and the like, which are produced as by-products in the butadiene production device (16), to the gas preparation device (10). In addition, in the butadiene production method, the butadiene production system (1) is used.

A butadiene production system and a butadiene production method are provided in which butadiene can be produced with a high yield. The butadiene production system (1) includes: a gas preparation device (10) that heats raw materials to prepare a mixed gas including hydrogen and carbon monoxide; an ethanol production device (12) that is provided downstream of the gas preparation device (10) and brings the mixed gas including hydrogen and carbon monoxide into contact with a first catalyst to obtain ethanol; a butadiene production device (16) that is provided downstream of the ethanol production device (12) and brings the ethanol into contact with a second catalyst to obtain butadiene; and return means (18) for returning hydrogen, which is produced as a by-product in the butadiene production device (16), to the ethanol production device (12). In addition, in the butadiene production method, the butadiene production system (1) is used.