The present invention provides a process for the preparation of a (hydro)(chloro)fluoroalkene by contacting a reagent stream comprising a hydrochlorofluoroalkane with a catalyst in a reactor to dehydrochlorinate at least a portion of the hydrochlorofluoroalkane to produce a product stream comprising the (hydro)(chloro)fluoroalkene and hydrogen chloride (NCI), wherein the catalyst is selected from the group consisting of metal oxide catalysts, metal halide catalysts, zero-valent metal catalysts, carbon-based catalysts and mixtures thereof, and wherein (i) the catalyst is chlorinated prior to contacting it with the reagent stream comprising the hydrochlorofluoroalkane; and/or (ii) the contacting step is carried out in the presence of a HCI co-feed.

A catalyst, methods of making, and process of dehydrogenating paraffins utilizing the catalyst. The catalyst includes at least 20 mass % Zn, a catalyst support and a catalyst stabilizer. The catalyst is further characterizable by physical properties such as activity parameter measured under specified conditions. The catalyst may also be disposed on a porous support in an attrition-resistant form and used in a fluidized bed reactor.

Disclosed is a cost-effective process for catalytic conversion of simple C.sub.6-based sugars (such as glucose and fructose) and industrial-grade sugar syrups derived from starch (such as different grades of High Fructose Corn Syrup) and cellulosic biomass to 5-HydroxyMethylFurfural (5-HMF) in a continuous-flow tubular reactor in bi-phasic media using inexpensive heterogeneous solid catalysts. Commercial and synthesized heterogeneous solid catalysts were used and their activities in terms of sugar conversion and HMF selectivity and yield were compared. Continuous dehydration of fructose, glucose and industrial-grade sugar syrups derived from corn and wood to HMF was achieved and the stability of selected catalysts and feasibility of catalyst recycling and regeneration were demonstrated. The performance of the catalysts and reactor system were examined under different operating conditions including reaction temperature, feeding flow rate, initial feedstock concentration, catalyst loading, presence of extracting organic solvent and phase transfer catalyst and aqueous to organic phase ratio. At the best operating conditions, HMF yield attained 60%, 45% and 53%, from dehydration of fructose, glucose and HFCS-90, respectively.

Provided are a denitration catalyst regeneration method and a denitration catalyst regeneration system, which are capable of recovering denitration performance to a high level and reducing the SO.sub.2 oxidation rate of a catalyst. A denitration catalyst regeneration method according to the present invention includes: a chemical solution cleaning step for immersing a denitration catalyst in a chemical solution containing a fluorine compound and an inorganic acid; a step for extracting the denitration catalyst from the chemical solution; and a finish washing step for washing the denitration catalyst extracted from the chemical solution with a finish cleaning solution containing an organic acid.

The present invention relates to a process for producing butadiene from ethanol, in two reaction steps, comprising a step a) of converting ethanol into acetaldehyde and a step b) of conversion into butadiene, said step b) simultaneously implementing a reaction step and a regeneration step in (n+n/2) fixed-bed reactors, n being equal to 4 or a multiple thereof, comprising a catalyst, said regeneration step comprising four successive regeneration phases, said step b) also implementing three regeneration loops.

The present disclosure relates to a process for stabilizing an antimony ammoxidation catalyst in an ammoxidation process. The process may comprise providing an antimony ammoxidation catalyst to a reactor; reacting propylene with ammonia and oxygen in the fluidized bed reactor in the presence of the antimony ammoxidation catalyst to form a crude acrylonitrile product; and adding an effective amount of an antimony-containing compound to the antimony ammoxidation catalyst to maintain catalyst conversion and selectivity; wherein the antimony-containing compound has a melting point less than 375° C. The present disclosure also relates to catalyst compositions and additional processes using the antimony ammoxidation catalyst stabilized by an antimony-containing compound.

The present disclosure relates to a process for stabilizing an antimony ammoxidation catalyst in an ammoxidation process. The process may comprise providing an antimony ammoxidation catalyst to a reactor; reacting propylene with ammonia and oxygen in the fluidized bed reactor in the presence of the antimony ammoxidation catalyst to form a crude acrylonitrile product; and adding an effective amount of an antimony-containing compound to the antimony ammoxidation catalyst to maintain catalyst conversion and selectivity; wherein the antimony-containing compound has a melting point less than 375° C. The present disclosure also relates to catalyst compositions and additional processes using the antimony ammoxidation catalyst stabilized by an antimony-containing compound.

Disclosed is a filter regenerating apparatus of a denitrification facility, the apparatus including: a body module disposed above a filter installed in the denitrification facility, and capable of reciprocating in a first direction; a nozzle support module supported by the body module, and capable of reciprocating in a second direction crossing the first direction; a coating material spray nozzle detachable from the nozzle support module, and capable of spraying a coating material toward the filter disposed below; and a power control module configured to control operations of the body module and the nozzle support module so that the coating material spray nozzle is transferred along the filter in the first and second directions.

Disclosed is a method of producing an olefin using a circulating fluidized bed process, including: (a) supplying a hydrocarbon mixture including propane and a dehydrogenation catalyst to a riser which is in a state of a fast fluidization regime, and thus inducing a dehydrogenation reaction; (b) separating an effluent from the dehydrogenation reaction into the catalyst and a propylene mixture; (c) stripping, in which a residual hydrocarbon compound is removed from the catalyst separated in step (b); (d) mixing the catalyst stripped in step (c) with a gas containing oxygen and thus continuously regenerating the catalyst; (e) circulating the catalyst regenerated in step (d) to step (a) and thus resupplying the catalyst to the riser; and (f) cooling, compressing, and separating the propylene mixture, which is a reaction product separated in step (b), and thus producing a propylene product.

A reducing agent for use in production of a product gas containing carbon monoxide, the reducing agent being brought into contact with a raw material gas containing carbon dioxide to reduce the carbon dioxide to produce the product gas; the reducing agent containing a composite metal oxide represented by Ce.sub.1-x(M).sub.xO.sub.y, where M is a metal element with an ionic radius smaller than an ionic radius of Ce with an identical valence number and an identical coordination number, x represents a positive real number, and y represents a real number from 1 to 4. The reducing agent that has a high conversion efficiency of carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide, and can be used, for example, in a chemical looping method, and a method for producing a gas using such a reducing agent.