A variety of redox catalysts, methods of making, and methods of using thereof are provided. Surface modified redox catalysts are provided having an oxygen carrier core with an outer surface that has been modified to enhance the selectivity of the redox catalyst for oxidative dehydrogenation. The surface modification can include forming a redox catalyst outer layer on the outer surface and/or suppressing sites that form nonselective electrophilic oxygen sites on the outer surface of the oxygen carrier. A variety of methods are provided for making the surface modified redox catalysts, e.g. modified Pechini methods. A variety of methods are provided for using the catalysts for oxidative cracking of light paraffins. Methods are provided for oxidative cracking of light paraffins by contacting the paraffin with a core-shell redox catalyst described herein to convert the paraffins to water and olefins, diolefins, or a combination thereof.

A variety of redox catalysts, methods of making, and methods of using thereof are provided. Surface modified redox catalysts are provided having an oxygen carrier core with an outer surface that has been modified to enhance the selectivity of the redox catalyst for oxidative dehydrogenation. The surface modification can include forming a redox catalyst outer layer on the outer surface and/or suppressing sites that form nonselective electrophilic oxygen sites on the outer surface of the oxygen carrier. A variety of methods are provided for making the surface modified redox catalysts, e.g. modified Pechini methods. A variety of methods are provided for using the catalysts for oxidative cracking of light paraffins. Methods are provided for oxidative cracking of light paraffins by contacting the paraffin with a core-shell redox catalyst described herein to convert the paraffins to water and olefins, diolefins, or a combination thereof.

The present invention is an in-situ cleaning procedure for the recovery of catalytic activity of a based alumina HDS catalyst, molybdenum, nickel coated coke and contaminants and it has an HDS activity seriously diminished. The catalyst under study had between 13 and 18 wt % total carbon. Reformate, half the total volume, industrial toluene=35 volume % and Iso-propylic alcohol, 15 volume %, in order to reactivate a deactivated catalyst, a solvent mixture with the following volumetric ratio is prepared. Or it can also be used only reformate (100% volume). The solvent mixture is passed using a LHSV of 2 hr1 for 72 hours at 50 C. or also using a recirculating three 24-hour cycles at 50 C. Option lasts 24 hours pure reformate LHSV=2h1 to 50 C. The washed catalyst is fed back to the load reaction conditions maintained for 36 hours at 340 C., to initiate HDS activity balances. During this treatment oxides of molybdenum and nickel in the active phase are re-sulfided by increasing the HDS activity. The In-Situ Cleaning procedure to reactivate deactivated hydrotreating catalysts used to partially remove the carbon and increase the active phase of molybdenum di-sulphide, and also retrieve specific area, and hydrogenation sites that promote higher hydrodesulfurization activity of gasoil after this treatment.

The present invention relates to a method for producing liquid or solid hydrocarbons from a synthesis gas via Fischer-Tropsch synthesis which does not carry out a separate reduction pre-treatment for catalyst activation. The method for producing liquid or solid hydrocarbons from a synthesis gas using Fischer-Tropsch synthesis according to the present invention comprises: a first step of applying an iron-based catalyst for the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis in which the number of iron atoms in the ferrihydrite phase fraction equals 10 to 100% and the number of iron atoms in the hematite phase fraction equals 0 to 90%, with respect to 100% of the number of the number of iron atoms, to a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reactor; and a second step of activating the catalyst for the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis by a synthesis gas which is a reactant under the conditions of the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis and carrying out the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis by means of the activated catalyst for the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. As such, the present invention is capable of efficiently producing liquid or solid hydrocarbons from a synthesis gas via Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, even without a separate reduction pre-treatment.

A meshed catalyst based high-yield preparation and regeneration method for carbon nanotubes and hydrogen includes the following steps: step one, adding waste plastic into a low-temperature pyrolysis section, conducting slow heating, and continuously introducing nitrogen; step two, using a multilayer stainless steel mesh obtained through laminated pressing and vacuum sintering as a catalyst, introducing the volatiles into a high-temperature catalytic section, conducting a catalytic reaction under the action of a meshed stainless steel catalyst obtained through acid etching and calcination pretreatment, generating the carbon nanotubes on a surface of the catalyst, and meanwhile generating high-purity hydrogen; and step three, after temperature drop, conducting ultrasonic treatment on a stainless steel mesh after the reaction, achieving physical stripping of the carbon nanotubes from the stainless steel mesh, then placing the stainless steel mesh subjected to secondary calcination in a system for recycling, and regenerating the carbon nanotubes and the hydrogen.

A meshed catalyst based high-yield preparation and regeneration method for carbon nanotubes and hydrogen includes the following steps: step one, adding waste plastic into a low-temperature pyrolysis section, conducting slow heating, and continuously introducing nitrogen; step two, using a multilayer stainless steel mesh obtained through laminated pressing and vacuum sintering as a catalyst, introducing the volatiles into a high-temperature catalytic section, conducting a catalytic reaction under the action of a meshed stainless steel catalyst obtained through acid etching and calcination pretreatment, generating the carbon nanotubes on a surface of the catalyst, and meanwhile generating high-purity hydrogen; and step three, after temperature drop, conducting ultrasonic treatment on a stainless steel mesh after the reaction, achieving physical stripping of the carbon nanotubes from the stainless steel mesh, then placing the stainless steel mesh subjected to secondary calcination in a system for recycling, and regenerating the carbon nanotubes and the hydrogen.

This disclosure relates to red mud compositions. This disclosure also relates to methods of making red mud compositions. This disclosure additionally relates to methods of using red mud compositions.

A method for activating a catalyst is described comprising the steps of: (i) installing a reduced and passivated catalyst containing crystallites of a catalytic metal comprising nickel, cobalt or iron in elemental form encapsulated by a layer comprising an oxide of the catalytic metal in a reactor, such as a steam methane reforming reactor, in which it is to be used, and (ii) heating the reduced and passivated catalyst in the reactor under a vacuum or an inert gas to a temperature in the range (T.sub.T?X) to (T.sub.T+Y), where T.sub.T is the Tammann temperature of the catalytic metal in elemental form in degrees Centigrade, X is 400 and Y is 200, to form a catalytically active surface on the catalyst without requiring the application of a reducing gas.

Catalyst systems are provided for reforming of hydrocarbons, along with methods for using such catalyst systems. The catalyst systems can be deposited or otherwise coated on a surface or structure, such as a monolith, to achieve improved activity and/or structural stability. The metal oxide support layer can correspond to a thermally stable metal oxide support layer, such as a metal oxide support layer that is thermally phase stable at temperatures of 800 C. to 1600 C. The catalyst systems can be beneficial for use in cyclical reaction environments, such as reverse flow reactors or other types of reactors that are operated using flows in opposing directions and different times within a reaction cycle.

The invention relates to a process for the rejuvenation of an at least partially spent catalyst resulting from a hydrotreating process, said at least partially spent catalyst resulting from a fresh catalyst comprising a metal from group VIII, a metal from group VIb, an oxide support, and optionally phosphorus, said at least partially spent catalyst additionally comprising carbon in a content of between 2% and 20% by weight, with respect to the total weight of the at least partially spent catalyst, and sulfur in a content of between 1% and 8% by weight, with respect to the total weight of the at least partially spent catalyst, said process comprising the following stages: a) said spent catalyst is brought into contact with an impregnation solution containing a compound comprising a metal from group VIb, b) a drying stage is carried out at a temperature of less than 200 C.