Methods and systems for converting methane to syngas are provided. Certain exemplary methods and systems involve reacting methane and carbon dioxide with a nickel oxide catalyst in a reaction chamber, thereby providing syngas and a reduced nickel species. The reduced nickel species can be regenerated by oxidation with air in a regeneration chamber, thereby generating a regenerated nickel oxide and heat. The regenerated nickel oxide and heat can be returned to the reaction chamber to drive the syngas reaction.

The invention is concerned with the oligomerization of supercritical ethene. An essential aspect of the invention is that of mixing ethene with an inert medium and setting the conditions in the reaction such that both ethene and inert medium are supercritical. This is because the solubility for ethene in the inert medium is greater in the supercritical state, such that more ethene is dissolved in the supercritical inert medium than in a liquid solvent. The process regime in the supercritical state therefore enables the use of a much higher proportion of ethene in a homogeneous mixture of ethene and inert medium than is possible on the basis of the thermodynamic solubility restriction in a purely liquid hydrocarbon stream. In this way, the space-time yield is distinctly enhanced. Since a greater amount of ethene can be passed into the reactor, it is possible as a result to better exploit the apparatus volume compared to a liquid phase process. The inert medium used may, for example, be isobutane.

The invention is concerned with the oligomerization of supercritical ethene. An essential aspect of the invention is that of mixing ethene with an inert medium and setting the conditions in the reaction such that both ethene and inert medium are supercritical. This is because the solubility for ethene in the inert medium is greater in the supercritical state, such that more ethene is dissolved in the supercritical inert medium than in a liquid solvent. The process regime in the supercritical state therefore enables the use of a much higher proportion of ethene in a homogeneous mixture of ethene and inert medium than is possible on the basis of the thermodynamic solubility restriction in a purely liquid hydrocarbon stream. In this way, the space-time yield is distinctly enhanced. Since a greater amount of ethene can be passed into the reactor, it is possible as a result to better exploit the apparatus volume compared to a liquid phase process. The inert medium used may, for example, be isobutane.

This disclosure relates to red mud compositions. This disclosure also relates to methods of making red mud compositions. This disclosure additionally relates to methods of using red mud compositions.

The invention relates to a hydrocarbon hydroprocessing catalyst comprising a support based on at least one refractory oxide, at least one metal from group VIII and at least one metal from group VIB. The inventive catalyst is characterized in that it also comprises at least one organic compound having formula (I) or (II): ##STR00001##
in which each R.sub.1 represents independently an alkyl group at C.sub.1-18, an alkenyl group at C.sub.2-18, an aryl group at C.sub.6-18, a cycloalkyl group at C.sub.3-8, an alkylaryl or arylalkyl group at C.sub.7-20, or the two R.sub.1 groups together form a divalent group at C.sub.2-18, and R.sub.2 represents an alkylene group at C.sub.1-18, an arylene group at C.sub.6-18, a cycloalkylene group at C.sub.3-7, or a combination of same. The invention also relates to a method of preparing one such catalyst and to the use thereof for hydroprocessing or hydrocracking.

The invention relates to a hydrocarbon hydroprocessing catalyst comprising a support based on at least one refractory oxide, at least one metal from group VIII and at least one metal from group VIB. The inventive catalyst is characterized in that it also comprises at least one organic compound having formula (I) or (II): ##STR00001##
in which each R.sub.1 represents independently an alkyl group at C.sub.1-18, an alkenyl group at C.sub.2-18, an aryl group at C.sub.6-18, a cycloalkyl group at C.sub.3-8, an alkylaryl or arylalkyl group at C.sub.7-20, or the two R.sub.1 groups together form a divalent group at C.sub.2-18, and R.sub.2 represents an alkylene group at C.sub.1-18, an arylene group at C.sub.6-18, a cycloalkylene group at C.sub.3-7, or a combination of same. The invention also relates to a method of preparing one such catalyst and to the use thereof for hydroprocessing or hydrocracking.

A oxygen transfer agent useful for the oxidative dehydrogenation of saturated hydrocarbons includes at least one mixed oxide derived from manganese or compounds thereof, as well as a promoter, such as tungsten and/or phosphorus. The oxygen transfer agent may also include an alkali metal or compounds thereof, boron or compounds thereof, an oxide of an alkaline earth metal, and an oxide containing one or more of one or more of manganese, lithium, boron, and magnesium. A reactor is at least partially filled with the oxygen transfer agent in the form of a fixed or circulating bed and provides an unsaturated hydrocarbon product, such as ethylene and/or propylene. The oxygen transfer agent may be regenerated using oxygen.

Provided herein is a device for removing residual hydrogen peroxide or hydrazine from an effluent gas stream which includes a metal oxide scrubber material configured to react with residual process gases under increased temperatures. Also provided are systems and methods of using the same.

The invention relates to a process for the hydrodesulfurization of a sulfur-containing olefinic gasoline cut in which said gasoline cut, hydrogen and a rejuvenated catalyst are brought into contact, said hydrodesulfurization process being carried out at a temperature of between 200° C. and 400° C., a total pressure of between 1 and 3 MPa, an hourly space velocity, defined as being the flow rate by volume of feedstock relative to the volume of catalyst, of between 1 and 10 h.sup.−1 and a hydrogen/gasoline feedstock ratio by volume of between 100 and 1200 Sl/l, said rejuvenated catalyst resulting from a hydrotreating process and comprises at least one metal from group VIII, at least one metal from group VIb, an oxide support and at least one organic compound containing oxygen and/or nitrogen and/or sulfur.

The invention relates to a process for the hydrodesulfurization of a sulfur-containing olefinic gasoline cut in which said gasoline cut, hydrogen and a rejuvenated catalyst are brought into contact, said hydrodesulfurization process being carried out at a temperature of between 200° C. and 400° C., a total pressure of between 1 and 3 MPa, an hourly space velocity, defined as being the flow rate by volume of feedstock relative to the volume of catalyst, of between 1 and 10 h.sup.−1 and a hydrogen/gasoline feedstock ratio by volume of between 100 and 1200 Sl/l, said rejuvenated catalyst resulting from a hydrotreating process and comprises at least one metal from group VIII, at least one metal from group VIb, an oxide support and at least one organic compound containing oxygen and/or nitrogen and/or sulfur.