An integrated hydrotreating and hydrocracking process includes contacting a hydrocarbon oil stream with a hydrogen stream and a hydrotreating catalyst in a moving-bed hydrotreating reactor, thereby producing a hydrocarbon product stream and a spent hydrotreating catalyst; contacting the hydrocarbon product stream with a second hydrogen stream and a hydrocracking catalyst in a hydrocracking reactor, thereby producing a hydrocracked hydrocarbon product stream; processing the spent hydrotreating catalyst to produce regenerated hydrotreating catalyst; and recycling the regenerated hydrotreating catalyst to the moving-bed hydrotreating reactor.

Methods and compositions for the removal of metal sulfides from spent catalysts in reactor vessels and associated equipment are described herein. Using the methods described herein, metal sulfides of a spent catalysts are converted to metal oxides and gaseous and liquid by-products when reacted with a formulation having one or more oxidizing agents. Also, using the methods described herein, metal sulfides and sulfides in the process equipment are oxidized, eliminating the potential formation of polythionic and thionic acids protecting materials from polythionic stress corrosion cracking. Also, using the methods described herein, halides (including chloride) and halide containing compounds and salts in the process equipment are removed, eliminating the potential formation of halide acids and further neutralized via pH buffering, and protecting materials from halide stress corrosion cracking.

Methods and compositions for the removal of metal sulfides from spent catalysts in reactor vessels and associated equipment are described herein. Using the methods described herein, metal sulfides of a spent catalysts are converted to metal oxides and gaseous and liquid by-products when reacted with a formulation having one or more oxidizing agents. Also, using the methods described herein, metal sulfides and sulfides in the process equipment are oxidized, eliminating the potential formation of polythionic and thionic acids protecting materials from polythionic stress corrosion cracking. Also, using the methods described herein, halides (including chloride) and halide containing compounds and salts in the process equipment are removed, eliminating the potential formation of halide acids and further neutralized via pH buffering, and protecting materials from halide stress corrosion cracking.

Here disclosed is a composite catalyst for methane cracking and a method of producing the composite catalyst. The composite catalyst includes a substrate formed of metal oxide, and one or more catalytic transition metals solubilized in the metal oxide, wherein the metal oxide includes a metal which differs from the one or more catalytic transition metals, wherein the metal oxide forms a matrix which the one or more catalytic transition metals are solubilized in to render transition metal ions from the one or more catalytic transition metals, wherein the transition metal ions under a reducing atmosphere diffuse to reside as transition metal nanoparticles at a surface of the substrate and the transition metal nanoparticles under an oxidizing atmosphere diffuse away from the surface to reside as transition metal ions in the metal oxide, and wherein the transition metal nanoparticles at the surface induce carbon from the methane cracking to deposit on the transition metal nanoparticles and have the carbon deposited grow away from the substrate.

A catalyst is regenerated by an inventive process using a heat exchange fluid such as superheated steam to remove heat during the process relying on efficient heat transfer (e.g., enabled by the microchannel reactor construction) in comparison with prior art heat exchange relying on a phase change, e.g. between water and (partial or complete vaporization) steam, allows simplification of the protocols to enable transition at higher temperatures between steps which translates in reduced duration of the regeneration process and avoids potential water hammering risks.

A catalyst is regenerated by an inventive process using a heat exchange fluid such as superheated steam to remove heat during the process relying on efficient heat transfer (e.g., enabled by the microchannel reactor construction) in comparison with prior art heat exchange relying on a phase change, e.g. between water and (partial or complete vaporization) steam, allows simplification of the protocols to enable transition at higher temperatures between steps which translates in reduced duration of the regeneration process and avoids potential water hammering risks.

An electrochemical sensor, including a working electrode, a reference electrode, and a counter electrode. The working electrode may include a transition metal, and is contacted with a solution including an alkaline media for oxidation of the transition metal, such that the sensor may be used to provide data to quantify the amount of a pathogen in the solution. In certain embodiments, the transition metal of the working electrode is nickel. In other embodiments, the working electrode includes graphene-layered nickel. And, in certain embodiments, the working electrode may be a rotating disk electrode, wherein the working electrode rotates in a solution including an alkaline media.

The invention concerns a method for rejuvenating an at least partially used catalyst originating from a hydroprocessing and/or hydrocracking process, the at least partially used catalyst being derived from a fresh catalyst comprising at least one group VIII metal (in particular, Co), at least one group VIB metal (in particular, Mo), an oxide support, and optionally phosphorus, the method comprising the steps: ⋅a) regenerating the at least partially used catalyst in a gas stream containing oxygen at a temperature between 300° C. and 550° C. so as to obtain a regenerated catalyst, ⋅b) then placing the regenerated catalyst in contact with phosphoric acid and an organic acid, each having acidity constant pKa greater than 1.5, ⋅c) performing a drying step at a temperature less than 200° C. without subsequently calcining it, so as to obtain a rejuvenated catalyst.

The invention relates to a process for the hydrodesulfurization of a sulfur-containing olefinic gasoline cut in which said gasoline cut, hydrogen and a rejuvenated catalyst are brought into contact, said hydrodesulfurization process being carried out at a temperature of between 200° C. and 400° C., a total pressure of between 1 and 3 MPa, an hourly space velocity, defined as being the flow rate by volume of feedstock relative to the volume of catalyst, of between 1 and 10 h.sup.−1 and a hydrogen/gasoline feedstock ratio by volume of between 100 and 1200 Sl/l, said rejuvenated catalyst resulting from a hydrotreating process and comprises at least one metal from group VIII, at least one metal from group VIb, an oxide support and at least one organic compound containing oxygen and/or nitrogen and/or sulfur.

The invention relates to a process for the hydrodesulfurization of a sulfur-containing olefinic gasoline cut in which said gasoline cut, hydrogen and a rejuvenated catalyst are brought into contact, said hydrodesulfurization process being carried out at a temperature of between 200° C. and 400° C., a total pressure of between 1 and 3 MPa, an hourly space velocity, defined as being the flow rate by volume of feedstock relative to the volume of catalyst, of between 1 and 10 h.sup.−1 and a hydrogen/gasoline feedstock ratio by volume of between 100 and 1200 Sl/l, said rejuvenated catalyst resulting from a hydrotreating process and comprises at least one metal from group VIII, at least one metal from group VIb, an oxide support and at least one organic compound containing oxygen and/or nitrogen and/or sulfur.