The invention relates to process for the manufacture or preparation of fluorinated benzene, in particular monofluorobenzene, in a vapor-phase fluorination process. The process of the invention, for example, can comprise a batch or continuous manufacture or preparation of fluorinated benzene, in particular monofluorobenzene, using hydrogen fluoride (HF) in gas phase as fluorination gas. Also, in this process of the invention, for example, fluorination catalysts are involved.

The invention relates to process for the manufacture or preparation of fluorinated benzene, in particular monofluorobenzene, in a vapor-phase fluorination process. The process of the invention, for example, can comprise a batch or continuous manufacture or preparation of fluorinated benzene, in particular monofluorobenzene, using hydrogen fluoride (HF) in gas phase as fluorination gas. Also, in this process of the invention, for example, fluorination catalysts are involved.

An electrode material which may be used in an electrochemical cell used to convert carbon dioxide into useful products, such as synthetic fuel. The electrode material may comprise nano-sized core-shell catalyst (i.e., core-shell nanoparticles, or CSNs) having a catalytic core component encompassed by one or more outer shells, wherein at least one of the outer shells has a mesoporous structure. Electrochemical cells, electrochemical cell electrodes, and methods of making CSNs are also provided.

An electrode material which may be used in an electrochemical cell used to convert carbon dioxide into useful products, such as synthetic fuel. The electrode material may comprise nano-sized core-shell catalyst (i.e., core-shell nanoparticles, or CSNs) having a catalytic core component encompassed by one or more outer shells, wherein at least one of the outer shells has a mesoporous structure. Electrochemical cells, electrochemical cell electrodes, and methods of making CSNs are also provided.

The invention provides compositions and methods for synthesis of phosphorylated organic compounds, including nucleoside triphosphates.

The invention provides compositions and methods for synthesis of phosphorylated organic compounds, including nucleoside triphosphates.

Catalysts for the dehydration of lactic acid, lactic acid derivatives, or mixtures thereof to acrylic acid, acrylic acid derivatives, or mixtures thereof in liquid phase comprising an ionic liquid (IL) and an acid are provided.

Catalysts for the dehydration of lactic acid, lactic acid derivatives, or mixtures thereof to acrylic acid, acrylic acid derivatives, or mixtures thereof in liquid phase comprising an ionic liquid (IL) and an acid are provided.

A catalyst for use in esterification reaction is provided. The catalyst is formed by reacting a mixture including at least one first compound and at least one second compound. The at least one first compound is a metal alkoxide, an inorganic metal salt, a metal carboxylate salt, an inorganic metal compound, or a combination thereof, and each foregoing compound has titanium, aluminum, zirconium, hafnium, zinc, or bismuth. The at least one second compound is an alpha hydroxyl acid, an alkyl ester formed by an alpha hydroxyl acid and an alcohol, an alkyl amide formed by an alpha hydroxyl acid and an amine, an amino acid, an alkyl ester formed by an amino acid and an alcohol, an alkyl amide formed by an amino acid and an amine, or a combination thereof.

A method for recovering carbon fibers from composite waste includes coating a water-soluble catalyst powder on a surface of composite waste having carbon fibers and a resin matrix and pyrolyzing the resin matrix of the coated composite waste.