Catalyst supports, supported catalysts, and a method of preparing and using the catalysts for the demetallation of metal-containing heavy oil feedstocks are disclosed. The catalyst supports comprise alumina and 5 wt % or less titania. Catalyst prepared from the supports have at least 30 to 80 volume percent of its pore volume in pores having a diameter of between 200 and 500 angstroms. Catalysts in accordance with the invention exhibit improved catalytic activity and stability to remove metals from heavy feedstocks during a hydroconversion process. The catalysts also exhibit increased sulfur and MCR conversion.

The invention relates to polyoxometalates represented by the formula (A.sub.n).sup.m+[MM.sub.12X.sub.8O.sub.yR.sub.zH.sub.q].sup.m or solvates thereof, corresponding supported polyoxometalates, and processes for their preparation, as well as corresponding metal clusters, optionally in the form of a dispersion in a liquid carrier medium or immobilized on a solid support, and processes for their preparation, as well as their use in reductive conversion of organic substrate.

The present disclosure relates to a catalyst for dehydration of glycerin, a preparation method thereof, and a production method of acrolein using the catalyst. Particularly, the catalyst according to an embodiment of the present disclosure is used in a dehydration reaction of glycerin to exhibit high catalytic activity, a high yield, and high selectivity to acrolein and acrylic acid, and has a longer lifetime compared to the conventional catalysts due to a characteristic that coke carbon cannot be easily deposited on the surface of the catalyst.

This present disclosure is directed to methods for the preparation of a hydrotreatment catalyst, such as nanoscale nickel phosphide (i.e., Ni.sub.2P) particles supported on high-surface area metal oxides (e.g., silica, alumina, amorphous silica-alumina), in a manner that is compatible with conditions employed in commercial hydrotreating units. The catalyst synthesis includes impregnation, drying, and in situ reduction, and can provide highly active catalysts for the removal of S and N impurities from crude oil fractions.

The invention relates to a catalyst comprising a support, at least one noble metal M, tin, phosphorus and at least one lanthanide group element, the content of phosphorus element being comprised between 0.4 and 1% by weight, and the content of lanthanide group element(s) being less than 1% by weight with respect to the weight of the catalyst. The invention also relates to the process for the preparation of the catalyst and the use thereof in reforming.

The invention relates to a catalyst comprising a support based on alumina or silica or silica-alumina, at least one element of group VIII, at least one element of group VIB and -ketovaleric acid. The invention also relates to the process for the preparation of said catalyst and the use thereof in a hydrotreatment and/or hydrocracking process.

A reaction chamber for generating hydrogen gas using a hydrogen liquid carrier line may include a channel including a catalyst for causing the hydrogen gas to be produced from a hydrogen liquid carrier, the channel including an inlet end for the hydrogen liquid carrier and an outlet end for a spent carrier. The reaction chamber may also include a valve for controlling a rate of flow of the hydrogen liquid carrier flowing through the channel; a gas outlet for evacuating the hydrogen gas generated in the channel; and at least one processor configured to receive at least one indicator of a demand for the hydrogen gas and to control the valve to adjust the rate of flow of the hydrogen liquid carrier to meet the demand for the hydrogen gas.

The invention concerns a synthesis process of a compound of the following formula (I) or one of the salts thereof, ##STR00001## wherein R represents a COOH, CH.sub.2OH or CHO group, comprising the step according to which the but-3-ene-1,2-diol (BDO) is subjected to an oxidation in the presence of a catalyst, said catalyst comprising an active phase based on at least one noble metal selected from palladium, gold, silver, platinum, rhodium, osmium, ruthenium and iridium, and a support containing alkaline sites. The invention also concerns the application of this reaction to the preparation of bioavailable compounds of methionine used, in particular, in animal nutrition.

A carbon catalyst has improved catalytic activity, and an electrode and a battery include the carbon catalyst. A carbon catalyst includes a metal and phosphorus atoms, wherein a ratio of a concentration (atomic %) of the phosphorus atoms exhibiting a peak having a peak top within a range of 132.50.3 eV and having a full width at half maximum of 2.00.5 eV, which is obtained by peak separation of a phosphorus atom P2p peak, with respect to a concentration (atomic %) of carbon atoms in X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic measurement is 0.0005 or more.

A carbon catalyst has improved catalytic activity, and an electrode and a battery include the carbon catalyst. A carbon catalyst includes a metal and phosphorus atoms, wherein a ratio of a concentration (atomic %) of the phosphorus atoms exhibiting a peak having a peak top within a range of 132.50.3 eV and having a full width at half maximum of 2.00.5 eV, which is obtained by peak separation of a phosphorus atom P2p peak, with respect to a concentration (atomic %) of carbon atoms in X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic measurement is 0.0005 or more.