Transition metal MXene catalysts and methods for using with electrochemical cells for reduction of carbon dioxide and production of hydrocarbons. The transition metal catalysts include nanostructured transition metal carbides, nitrides, or carbonitrides. The method includes electrochemically reducing carbon dioxide in an electrochemical cell, by contacting the carbon dioxide with at least one transition metal carbide, nitride, or carbonitride catalyst in the electrochemical cell and applying a potential to the electrochemical cell. Also an apparatus and method for energy production and carbon sequestration. A photovoltaic cell is paired with an electrochemical cell, wherein a cathode side of the electrochemical cell reduces carbon dioxide to hydrocarbon, and an anode side of the electrochemical cell oxidizes water to oxygen. The hydrocarbon outlet can be connected to a heating element of an air handling unit, and the oxygen can likewise be introduced to the unit for air improvement. The cathode includes transition metal catalysts for reducing the carbon dioxide.

The invention provides a titanium carbide nanosheet/layered indium sulfide heterojunction and an application of the same in degrading and removing water pollutants. A simple electrostatic self-assembly method is used to uniformly absorb indium ions on the surfaces of Ti.sub.3C.sub.2 nanosheets, which effectively inhibits the stacking of the nanosheets and is beneficial to the uniform growth of In.sub.2S.sub.3 nanosheets on the surfaces of the Ti.sub.3C.sub.2. The present invent overcomes two disadvantages of too fast photogenerated carrier recombination rate of In.sub.2S.sub.3 and easy agglomeration of nano-scale In.sub.2S.sub.3, and effectively improves the separation efficiency and photocatalytic activity of photogenerated electron-hole of In.sub.2S.sub.3.

The invention provides a titanium carbide nanosheet/layered indium sulfide heterojunction and an application of the same in degrading and removing water pollutants. A simple electrostatic self-assembly method is used to uniformly absorb indium ions on the surfaces of Ti.sub.3C.sub.2 nanosheets, which effectively inhibits the stacking of the nanosheets and is beneficial to the uniform growth of In.sub.2S.sub.3 nanosheets on the surfaces of the Ti.sub.3C.sub.2. The present invent overcomes two disadvantages of too fast photogenerated carrier recombination rate of In.sub.2S.sub.3 and easy agglomeration of nano-scale In.sub.2S.sub.3, and effectively improves the separation efficiency and photocatalytic activity of photogenerated electron-hole of In.sub.2S.sub.3.

The present disclosure provides a process for producing trifluoroiodomethane, the process comprising providing a reactant stream comprising hydrogen iodide and at least one trifluoroacetyl halide selected from the group consisting of trifluoroacetyl chloride, trifluoroacetyl fluoride, trifluoroacetyl bromide, and combinations thereof, reacting the reactant stream in the presence of a first catalyst at a first reaction temperature from about 25° C. to about 400° C. to produce an intermediate product stream comprising trifluoroacetyl iodide, and reacting the intermediate product stream in the presence of a second catalyst at a second reaction temperature from about 200° C. to about 600° C. to produce a final product stream comprising the trifluoroiodomethane.

A composite material is disclosed based on in situ produced alloys, especially iron based alloys, reinforced with tungsten carbide in the form of crystals and/or particles, that can be characterized by the fact that the microstructure of the composite material within the composite layer and/or the composite zone comprises faceted crystals and/or faceted particles tungsten carbide that provide uniform macroscopic and microscopic distribution, wherein the crystals and/or particles of tungsten carbide include irregular and/or round and/or oval nano and/or micro-areas filled with alloy based on metal. Compositions of powders used to produce the composite material and methods of its production as well as to cast working element made of such composite materials or using the method are disclosed.

A method for forming a single atom catalyst on a two-dimensional support material involves providing the two-dimensional support material. The two-dimensional support material is combined with at least two heteroatoms and a metal to form a solution. Liquid is removed from the solution to form a material that includes the two-dimensional support material, the at least two heteroatoms, and the metal. The material including the two-dimensional support material, the at least two heteroatoms, and the metal is heated to form the single atom catalyst that includes single atoms of the metal. The at least two heteroatoms bind the single atoms of the metal to, and stabilize the single atoms of the metal on, the two-dimensional support material.

A method for forming a single atom catalyst on a two-dimensional support material involves providing the two-dimensional support material. The two-dimensional support material is combined with at least two heteroatoms and a metal to form a solution. Liquid is removed from the solution to form a material that includes the two-dimensional support material, the at least two heteroatoms, and the metal. The material including the two-dimensional support material, the at least two heteroatoms, and the metal is heated to form the single atom catalyst that includes single atoms of the metal. The at least two heteroatoms bind the single atoms of the metal to, and stabilize the single atoms of the metal on, the two-dimensional support material.

The invention relates to nanocatalysts composed of iron oxide nanoparticles supported on porous interconnected carbon nanosheets (CNS) fabricated from the carbonization of potassium citrate, that are remarkably active for CO.sub.2 hydrogenation and Fischer-Tropsch to Olefins (FTO) synthesis, as well as a method for directly converting CO.sub.2 and H.sub.2 to C.sub.2-C.sub.4 olefins and direct FTO synthesis.

The invention relates to nanocatalysts composed of iron oxide nanoparticles supported on porous interconnected carbon nanosheets (CNS) fabricated from the carbonization of potassium citrate, that are remarkably active for CO.sub.2 hydrogenation and Fischer-Tropsch to Olefins (FTO) synthesis, as well as a method for directly converting CO.sub.2 and H.sub.2 to C.sub.2-C.sub.4 olefins and direct FTO synthesis.

A method for CO.sub.2 hydrogenation via the reverse water-gas shift (RWGS) reaction using alkali metal-doped molybdenum carbide, supported on gamma alumina (A-Mo.sub.2C/γ-Al.sub.2O.sub.3, A=K, Na, Li). The A-Mo.sub.2C/γ-Al.sub.2O.sub.3 catalyst is synthesized by co-impregnation of molybdemun and alkali metal precursors onto a γ-Al.sub.2O.sub.3 support. It is then carburized to form the A-Mo.sub.2C/γ-Al.sub.2O.sub.3. Also disclosed is the related catalyst material.