A catalyst, an application, and a method for preparing 2,5-furanedicarboxylic acid by catalyzing 5-hydroxymethylfurfural in a base-free condition, which include a catalyst having the formula A/Mn.sub.aB.sub.bO.sub.x-yVC, wherein A is Pt, Ru, Pd, or Au, B is Co, Ce, Cu, or Ni, a mole ratio of a and b is 1.5-14, and y=0.0-0.4.

A catalyst, an application, and a method for preparing 2,5-furanedicarboxylic acid by catalyzing 5-hydroxymethylfurfural in a base-free condition, which include a catalyst having the formula A/Mn.sub.aB.sub.bO.sub.x-yVC, wherein A is Pt, Ru, Pd, or Au, B is Co, Ce, Cu, or Ni, a mole ratio of a and b is 1.5-14, and y=0.0-0.4.

Provided herein are processes for the preparation of heteroaryl carboxylic acids.

An improved process for the catalytic gasification of a carbonaceous feedstock in a dual fluidized bed reactor for producing synthesis gas is disclosed. The disclosure uses ?-alumina as a catalyst support i and heat carrier in the gasification zone (102). The gasification zone (102) is operated at 700-750? C. to prevent substantial conversion of ?-alumina to ?-alumina, which would manifest in the enablement of high catalyst loading and high recyclability. The catalyst is an alkali metal, preferably K.sub.2CO.sub.3, so that conversion proportional to total K.sub.2CO.sub.3 to solid carbon ratio is achieved with as high K.sub.2CO.sub.3 loading as 50 wt % on the solid support. The combustion zone (140) is operated at 800?-840? C., to prevent any conversion of the ?-alumina to ?-alumina, so that catalyst recyclability of up to 98% is achieved between two successive cycles.

An improved process for the catalytic gasification of a carbonaceous feedstock in a dual fluidized bed reactor for producing synthesis gas is disclosed. The disclosure uses ?-alumina as a catalyst support i and heat carrier in the gasification zone (102). The gasification zone (102) is operated at 700-750? C. to prevent substantial conversion of ?-alumina to ?-alumina, which would manifest in the enablement of high catalyst loading and high recyclability. The catalyst is an alkali metal, preferably K.sub.2CO.sub.3, so that conversion proportional to total K.sub.2CO.sub.3 to solid carbon ratio is achieved with as high K.sub.2CO.sub.3 loading as 50 wt % on the solid support. The combustion zone (140) is operated at 800?-840? C., to prevent any conversion of the ?-alumina to ?-alumina, so that catalyst recyclability of up to 98% is achieved between two successive cycles.

The present disclosure describes a method of synthesizing carbodiimides comprising providing an alkylisothiourea, providing a thiophilic reagent to the reaction mixture and reacting under conditions sufficient to provide the carbodiimide, and wherein the carbodiimide is a polycarbodiimide or a biscarbodiimide. The present disclosure further describes methods for isolating the carbodiimides. The present disclosure additionally describes isolated carbodiimide compositions.

The present disclosure describes a method of synthesizing carbodiimides comprising providing an alkylisothiourea, providing a thiophilic reagent to the reaction mixture and reacting under conditions sufficient to provide the carbodiimide, and wherein the carbodiimide is a polycarbodiimide or a biscarbodiimide. The present disclosure further describes methods for isolating the carbodiimides. The present disclosure additionally describes isolated carbodiimide compositions.

A composite catalyst for coal depolymerization, the catalyst includes an agent A and an agent B. The agent A includes an iron salt-based catalyst, and the agent B includes a metal salt-based catalyst different from the iron salt-based catalyst. The agent A and the agent B are alternately added during use.

A composite catalyst for coal depolymerization, the catalyst includes an agent A and an agent B. The agent A includes an iron salt-based catalyst, and the agent B includes a metal salt-based catalyst different from the iron salt-based catalyst. The agent A and the agent B are alternately added during use.

Provided is a production method whereby corresponding carboxylic acid esters can be obtained from a variety of carboxylic acids at a high yield, even under conditions using a simple reaction operation and little catalyst and even if the amount of substrate used is theoretical. A production method for carboxylic acid ester, whereby a prescribed diester dicarbonate, carboxylic acid, and alcohol are reacted in the presence of at least one type of magnesium compound and at least one type of alkali metal compound.