Processes for the purification of bio-based acrylic acid to crude and glacial acrylic acid are provided. The bio-based acrylic acid is produced from hydroxypropionic acid, hydroxypropionic acid derivatives, or mixtures thereof. The purification includes some or all of the following processes: extraction, drying, distillation, and melt crystallization. The produced glacial or crude acrylic acid contains hydroxypropionic, hydroxypropionic acid derivatives, or mixtures thereof as an impurity.

Processes for the catalytic dehydration of hydroxypropionic acid, hydroxypropionic acid derivatives, or mixtures thereof to acrylic acid, acrylic acid derivatives, or mixtures thereof with high yield and selectivity and without significant conversion to undesired side products, such as, acetaldehyde, propanoic acid, and acetic acid, are provided.

Processes for the catalytic dehydration of hydroxypropionic acid, hydroxypropionic acid derivatives, or mixtures thereof to acrylic acid, acrylic acid derivatives, or mixtures thereof with high yield and selectivity and without significant conversion to undesired side products, such as, acetaldehyde, propanoic acid, and acetic acid, are provided.

Catalysts, catalytic forms and formulations, and catalytic methods are provided. The catalysts and catalytic forms and formulations are useful in a variety of catalytic reactions, for example, the oxidative coupling of methane. Related methods for use and manufacture of the same are also disclosed.

Catalysts, catalytic forms and formulations, and catalytic methods are provided. The catalysts and catalytic forms and formulations are useful in a variety of catalytic reactions, for example, the oxidative coupling of methane. Related methods for use and manufacture of the same are also disclosed.

Methods for catalytically dehydrating hydroxypropionic acid, hydroxypropionic acid derivatives, or mixtures thereof to acrylic acid, acrylic acid derivatives, or mixtures thereof with high yield and selectivity and without significant conversion to undesired side products, such as, acetaldehyde, propionic acid, and acetic acid, are provided. The catalysts are mixed condensed phosphates.

Methods for catalytically dehydrating hydroxypropionic acid, hydroxypropionic acid derivatives, or mixtures thereof to acrylic acid, acrylic acid derivatives, or mixtures thereof with high yield and selectivity and without significant conversion to undesired side products, such as, acetaldehyde, propionic acid, and acetic acid, are provided. The catalysts are mixed condensed phosphates.

A method for deoxygenation of an oxygen-containing hydrocarbon, such as a bio-crude liquid, in the presence of a methane-containing gas and a catalyst structure, is described. The method results in a reduction of oxygen content within the hydrocarbon.

A method for deoxygenation of an oxygen-containing hydrocarbon, such as a bio-crude liquid, in the presence of a methane-containing gas and a catalyst structure, is described. The method results in a reduction of oxygen content within the hydrocarbon.

A catalyst composition for preparing o-phenylphenol is provided. The catalyst composition includes a carrier; and a first active metal, a second active metal, and a catalytic promoter carried by the carrier. The first active metal is platinum, and the second active metal is selected from the first, second and third rows of transition metals of groups VIB and VIIIB. The present disclosure utilizes the carrier to carry the first active metal, the second active metal and the catalytic promoter so as to increase the selectivity of o-phenylphenol and the service life of a catalyst.