Methods of producing an isomerization catalyst include preparing a catalyst precursor solution, hydrothermally treating the catalyst precursor solution to produce a magnesium oxide precipitant, calcining the magnesium oxide precipitant to produce an isomerization catalyst precursor, soaking the isomerization catalyst precursor in an acid solution comprising sulfuric acid to product a isomerization catalyst precursor precipitant, and calcining the isomerization catalyst precursor precipitant to produce the isomerization catalyst. The catalyst precursor solution includes at least a magnesium precursor, a hydrolyzing agent, and cetrimonium bromide. Methods of producing 1-butene from a 2-butene-containing feedstock with the isomerization catalyst are also disclosed.

A trialkylphosphonium haloaluminate compound having a formula:

##STR00001##

where R.sup.1, R.sup.2, and R.sup.3 are the same or different and each is independently selected from C.sub.1 to C.sub.8 hydrocarbyl; and X is selected from F, Cl, Br, I, or combinations thereof is described. An ionic liquid catalyst composition incorporating the trialkylphosphonium haloaluminate compound, methods of making the trialkylphosphonium haloaluminate compound, and alkylation processes incorporating the trialkylphosphonium haloaluminate compound are also described.

A method for producing a heterogeneous catalyst for use of synthesizing cyclic carbonates by reacting an epoxide and carbon dioxide in the presence of the catalyst. A method for making a catalyst that includes forming a catalyst precursor then reacting the catalyst precursor with a tertiary phosphine.

An analytical device configured for the introduction of the liquid or solid sample into a sample chamber where it is extracted by a chlorinated hydrocarbon solvent, wherein the extract then passes into a chamber where it undergoes a Friedel-Crafts (FC) reaction.

The invention relates to a method particularly for reacting phosgene with compounds that contain hydroxyl, thiol, amino and/or formamide groups, comprising the steps of: (I) providing a reactor which has a first reaction chamber (300, 310, 320, 330, 340, 350) and a second reaction chamber (200, 210, 220, 230, 240, 250, 260), the first and the second reaction chambers being separated from one another by means of a porous carbon membrane (100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150); (II) providing carbon monoxide and chlorine in the first reaction chamber; and simultaneously (III) providing a compound containing hydroxyl, thiol, amino and/or formamide groups in the second reaction chamber. The porous carbon membrane is configured to catalyse the reaction of carbon monoxide and chlorine to obtain phosgene, and to allow this formed phosgene to pass into the second reaction chamber. The invention also relates to a reactor that is suitable for carrying out the claimed method.

Methods of producing an isomerization catalyst include preparing a catalyst precursor solution, hydrothermally treating the catalyst precursor solution to produce a magnesium oxide precipitant, calcining the magnesium oxide precipitant to produce an isomerization catalyst precursor, soaking the isomerization catalyst precursor in an acid solution comprising sulfuric acid to product a isomerization catalyst precursor precipitant, and calcining the isomerization catalyst precursor precipitant to produce the isomerization catalyst. The catalyst precursor solution includes at least a magnesium precursor, a hydrolyzing agent, and cetrimonium bromide. Methods of producing 1-butene from a 2-butene-containing feedstock with the isomerization catalyst are also disclosed.

A composition, consisting essentially of copper, a fluoroalkyl group, and a ligand comprising at least one group-V donor. The molar ratio of copper to the fluoroalkyl group is approximately 1.

The present invention may provide an asymmetric hydrogenation catalyst capable of resolving enantiomers with excellent enantioselectivity from a carbon-carbon double bond-containing compound. The catalyst according to one embodiment of the present invention includes: an iridium cation; and a ligand bonded to the iridium cation.

The present invention discloses a method for preparing a cyclopenta[c]chromene compound. A cationic rare earth compound [Ln(CH).sub.3CN).sub.9].sup.3+[(AlCl.sub.4).sub.3].sup.3−.CH.sub.3CN is used as a catalyst, and p-methyl thiophenol is used as an accelerator for a catalytic reaction of a chalcone compound so as to prepare a product; and Ln, contained in the catalyst, represents a positive trivalent rare earth metal ion and is selected from one of La, Nd, Sm, Gd and Yb. According to the method, the starting materials are easy to obtain, the reaction process is simple, the catalyst usage is low, the catalyst is universally applicable to various substituted 2-hydroxy chalcones, and the obtained cyclopenta[c]chromene compound has not been reported. The catalyst synthesis method is simple and easy to obtain, and the yield of the target product is high.

The present invention relates to an improved synthesis of malathion. The presence of an acid facilitates the reaction between O,O-dimethyldithiophosphoric acid (O,O-DMDTPA) and maleate and leads to excellent product yield in shorter reaction time with fewer impurities.