The present invention discloses a method for preparing a cyclopenta[c]chromene compound. A cationic rare earth compound [Ln(CH).sub.3CN).sub.9].sup.3+[(AlCl.sub.4).sub.3].sup.3−.CH.sub.3CN is used as a catalyst, and p-methyl thiophenol is used as an accelerator for a catalytic reaction of a chalcone compound so as to prepare a product; and Ln, contained in the catalyst, represents a positive trivalent rare earth metal ion and is selected from one of La, Nd, Sm, Gd and Yb. According to the method, the starting materials are easy to obtain, the reaction process is simple, the catalyst usage is low, the catalyst is universally applicable to various substituted 2-hydroxy chalcones, and the obtained cyclopenta[c]chromene compound has not been reported. The catalyst synthesis method is simple and easy to obtain, and the yield of the target product is high.

Methods of preparing fluorinated compounds by carboxylative fluorination using fluoride are contained herein. Fluorinated compounds are provided. Methods of using fluorinated compounds are contained herein.

Provided is a hydro-regeneration catalyst system, comprising: (a) a first graded bed comprising a guard bed material; and (b) a second graded bed, fluidly connected to the first graded bed, comprising a noble metal catalyst on a support having mesopores and macropores; wherein the noble metal catalyst has an average pore diameter of 20 to 1,000 nm (0.02 to 1 μm), a total pore volume of greater than 0.80 cc/g, and a macropore volume of 0.10 to 0.50 cc/g. Also provided is a guard bed system, comprising: (a) a first guard bed comprising a first adsorbent having 10 μm or larger pores with an average pore diameter of 100 to 1,000 μm; and (b) a second guard bed fluidly connected to the first guard bed, comprising a second adsorbent material having mesopores and macropores with a second average pore diameter of 20 to 1,000 nm.

A production method of a compound represented by the formula [I]: ##STR00001##
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a hydrate thereof.

Cationically curable compositions with latent reducing agents that demonstrate low cure temperature and improved work life are provided.

The present invention addresses the problem of providing an industrially preferable, economical, and environmentally friendly method for producing the 4,5-dihydroisoxazole represented by a formula (3). ##STR00001## The present invention enables the compound of a formula (3) to be produced by reacting the compound of a formula (2) according to the reaction represented by a reaction formula in the presence of an acid catalyst. ##STR00002##

A compound having the formula (I): ##STR00001##
is disclosed. Methods of preparing the compound of formula (I) are also disclosed. The compound of formula (I) can be prepared by reacting a compound of formula (II) with a compound of formula (III) in an organic solvent with EDC (1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide). The compound of formula (I) can also be prepared by reacting the compound of formula (II) with the compound of formula (III) in 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate as a solvent with silicomolybdic acid as a catalyst.

The present invention addresses the problem of providing an industrially preferable, economical, and environmentally friendly method for producing the 4,5-dihydroisoxazole represented by a formula (3).

##STR00001##

The present invention enables the compound of a formula (3) to be produced by reacting the compound of a formula (2) according to the reaction represented by a reaction formula in the presence of an acid catalyst.

##STR00002##

An alkylation process is described. The alkylation process includes contacting a feed comprising a paraffin or an aromatic with an olefin feed in the presence of a liquid Lewis acid catalyst in an alkylation reaction zone under alkylation conditions to form a reaction mixture comprising alkylation products and the liquid Lewis acid catalyst. The liquid Lewis acid catalyst is the liquid reaction product of a donor molecule and a metal halide. The alkylation products are separated from the liquid Lewis acid catalyst and recovered.

Disclosed are the use of fluorine substituted olefins, including tetra- and penta-fluoropropenes, in a variety of applications, including in methods of depositing catalyst on a solid support, methods of sterilizing articles, cleaning methods and compositions, methods of applying medicaments, fire extinguishing/suppression compositions and methods, flavor formulations, fragrance formulations and inflating agents.