The present invention discloses a synthesis method of lactide by confinement effect catalysis of crystalline porous polymer material, wherein the method comprising: (I) synthesis of catalyst; (II) synthesis of lactide by confinement effect catalysis; and (III) purification of lactide. In the present invention, a yield of L-lactide by catalysis of L-lactic acid by crystalline polymers is as high as 85.6%, which is 10% higher than the yield of lactide by H-β molecular sieve reported in documents currently available; it is easy to prepare the crystalline porous polymer material catalyst, which is environmental friendly, has a high yield and is recyclable, for consecutive 7 times the catalysis yield is maintained to be higher than 70%, and catalysis yield conservation rate is far higher than catalysis effects of catalysts reported in documents currently available.

The present invention discloses a synthesis method of lactide by confinement effect catalysis of crystalline porous polymer material, wherein the method comprising: (I) synthesis of catalyst; (II) synthesis of lactide by confinement effect catalysis; and (III) purification of lactide. In the present invention, a yield of L-lactide by catalysis of L-lactic acid by crystalline polymers is as high as 85.6%, which is 10% higher than the yield of lactide by H-β molecular sieve reported in documents currently available; it is easy to prepare the crystalline porous polymer material catalyst, which is environmental friendly, has a high yield and is recyclable, for consecutive 7 times the catalysis yield is maintained to be higher than 70%, and catalysis yield conservation rate is far higher than catalysis effects of catalysts reported in documents currently available.

Methods are provided for forming supported catalyst compositions and/or corresponding intermediate catalyst products. The catalyst compositions have improved activity for hydroprocessing of distillate boiling range feeds under hydroprocessing conditions where the hydrogen partial pressure in the hydroprocessing environment is reduced or minimized. The catalyst compositions can correspond to supported CoMo catalysts. The improved activity for hydroprocessing under lower pressure conditions is unexpectedly achieved by using a plurality of treatments with organic compounds during the catalyst formation process. A first treatment with an organic compound can occur prior to, during, and/or after exposing the support to metal precursors for depositing metals on the support. After both the first organic compound and the metal precursors are available in the presence of the support, a first heating and/or carbonizing step can be used to form dispersed metal carbides on the support. The first heating and/or carbonizing step can be performed at intermediate temperatures between 250° C. and 500° C., or 250° C. to 550° C., in order to maintain the metal carbides and/or the support in a favorable state. After treating the supported metal carbides with the secondary organic compound, a sulfidation can be performed where at least an initial portion of the sulfidation occurs at a temperature of 250° C. or less. This can allow the secondary organic compound to substantially remain on the support during at least a portion of the sulfidation process.

Methods are provided for forming supported catalyst compositions and/or corresponding intermediate catalyst products. The catalyst compositions have improved activity for hydroprocessing of distillate boiling range feeds under hydroprocessing conditions where the hydrogen partial pressure in the hydroprocessing environment is reduced or minimized. The catalyst compositions can correspond to supported CoMo catalysts. The improved activity for hydroprocessing under lower pressure conditions is unexpectedly achieved by using a plurality of treatments with organic compounds during the catalyst formation process. A first treatment with an organic compound can occur prior to, during, and/or after exposing the support to metal precursors for depositing metals on the support. After both the first organic compound and the metal precursors are available in the presence of the support, a first heating and/or carbonizing step can be used to form dispersed metal carbides on the support. The first heating and/or carbonizing step can be performed at intermediate temperatures between 250° C. and 500° C., or 250° C. to 550° C., in order to maintain the metal carbides and/or the support in a favorable state. After treating the supported metal carbides with the secondary organic compound, a sulfidation can be performed where at least an initial portion of the sulfidation occurs at a temperature of 250° C. or less. This can allow the secondary organic compound to substantially remain on the support during at least a portion of the sulfidation process.

Process for producing alpha olefins comprising contacting ethylene, a zirconium based catalyst system comprising, a hydrocarbylmetal compound, a chain transfer agent, and optionally an organic reaction medium. Chain transfer agents which can be utilized include a) hydrogen, b) a compound comprising a hydrogen silicon bond, a compound having a hydrogen sulfur bond, a compound having a hydrogen phosphorus bond, or c) a transition metal compound chain transfer agent.

A method for preparing cyclododecene and a synthesis device therefor, of the present invention, remarkably increase the conversion ratio of cyclododecatriene and selectivity of cyclododecene, can minimize the costs required for equipment and processing, are practical, reduce processing time, and are industrially advantageous to mass production in comparison with a conventional method and device.

A catalyst is provided having: (a) at least one multimetallic salt; and (b) at least one organic acid, wherein the at least one multimetallic salt to the at least one organic acid weight ratio is in the range of 1:0.01-1:0.5. A process is also provided for the preparation of the catalyst and for the preparation of the multimetallic salt.

A catalyst is provided having: (a) at least one multimetallic salt; and (b) at least one organic acid, wherein the at least one multimetallic salt to the at least one organic acid weight ratio is in the range of 1:0.01-1:0.5. A process is also provided for the preparation of the catalyst and for the preparation of the multimetallic salt.

The present invention provides a method for efficiently manufacturing a phosphonate ester by phosphonylating an alcohol under mild conditions, and a method for manufacturing a phosphate ester. In the method for manufacturing a phosphonate ester of the present invention, a compound represented by the formula (1) is reacted with a compound represented by the formula (2) in the presence of a zinc catalyst to obtain a compound represented by the formula (3).

##STR00001##

X represents an organic group. R.sup.1 represents an alkyl group. R.sup.2 represents an organic group.

The present invention provides a method for efficiently manufacturing a phosphonate ester by phosphonylating an alcohol under mild conditions, and a method for manufacturing a phosphate ester. In the method for manufacturing a phosphonate ester of the present invention, a compound represented by the formula (1) is reacted with a compound represented by the formula (2) in the presence of a zinc catalyst to obtain a compound represented by the formula (3).

##STR00001##

X represents an organic group. R.sup.1 represents an alkyl group. R.sup.2 represents an organic group.