The present disclosure relates to a catalyst system comprising i) (a) a bicyclic 2-[(phosphinyl)aminyl] cyclic imine chromium salt or (b) a chromium salt and a bicyclic 2-[(phosphinyl)aminyl] cyclic imine and ii) an organoaluminum compound. The present disclosure also relate to a process comprising: a) contacting i) ethylene; ii) a catalyst system comprising (a) a 2-[(phosphinyl)aminyl] cyclic imine chromium salt complex or (b) a chromium salt and a bicyclic 2-[(phosphinyl)aminyl] cyclic imine; ii) an organoaluminum compound, and iii) optionally an organic reaction medium; and b) forming an oligomer product in a reaction zone.

Described herein are catalytic hydrogenation and the use of ruthenium complexes having a bidentate diphosphine ligand or two monodentate phosphine ligands, two carboxylate ligands, and optionally a diamine ligand in hydrogenation processes for the reduction of imines into the corresponding amines.

Catalyst compositions and processes for the oligomerization of ethylene to 1-octene are described. The catalyst composition includes a triamino bisphospino (NPNPN) ligand system with specific phosphorous and nitrogen ligands. The terminal nitrogen atoms include linear alkyl hydrocarbons that differ in the number of carbon atoms by 3.

An object of the present invention is to provide a novel method for producing a fluorine-containing methylene compound. The above object can be achieved by a method for producing a compound represented by formula (1): ##STR00001##
wherein R.sup.1 represents an organic group, R.sup.A represents hydrogen or fluorine, R.sup.4a represents hydrogen or an organic group, R.sup.4b represents hydrogen or an organic group, R.sup.5a represents hydrogen or an organic group, R.sup.5b represents hydrogen or an organic group, and
R.sup.2 represents hydrogen or an organic group; R.sup.2 is optionally connected to R.sup.4a to form a ring; the method comprising step A of reacting a compound represented by formula (2): ##STR00002##
wherein X.sup.1 represents a leaving group, and other symbols are as defined above, with a compound represented by formula (3): ##STR00003##
wherein X.sup.2 represents a leaving group, and other symbols are as defined above, in the presence of a reducing agent as desired, under light irradiation.

A process can be used for preparing cyclic carbonates with an exocyclic vinylidene group by reacting a propargylic alcohol with CO.sub.2 in the presence of a silver catalyst having at least one bulky ligand a lipophilic carboxylate ligand. After completion of the reaction, the catalyst is separated from the cyclic carbonate by the use of two organic solvents of different polarity and having a miscibility gap. The silver catalyst is enriched in the less polar solvent and the cyclic carbonate in the more polar solvent.

A process can be used for preparing cyclic carbonates with an exocyclic vinylidene group by reacting a propargylic alcohol with CO.sub.2 in the presence of a silver catalyst having at least one bulky ligand a lipophilic carboxylate ligand. After completion of the reaction, the catalyst is separated from the cyclic carbonate by the use of two organic solvents of different polarity and having a miscibility gap. The silver catalyst is enriched in the less polar solvent and the cyclic carbonate in the more polar solvent.

The present invention relates to a method of degrading biofilm by contacting it with an aqueous mixture comprising a peroxide compound and a manganese complex, wherein the aqueous mixture comprises a macrocylic ligand. The invention also relates to a method of degrading a biofilm by contacting it with an aqueous mixture comprising a peroxide compound and a macrocyclic ligand.

The presently claimed invention relates to a process for the preparation of di-, tri-, or tetra fluoroarylamine by reacting polyfluorinated aryl chlorides with ammonia in the presence of a base, a metal catalyst and a ligand. Di-, tri-, tetrafluoroarylamines are valuable intermediates and find application in several areas, mainly in epoxy polymers, colorants, dyes, polyurethanes, agrochemicals and pharmaceutical active agents.

Provided herein, in part, is a new class of sterically bulky, easily prepared N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands of Formula I, or a salt, solvate, geometric isomer, or stereoisomer thereof. The ligands are readily synthetically accessible exploiting the cost-effective, modular alkylation of anilines. The NHC ligands of the present disclosure can be used to prepare effective catalysts with transition metals, including the compound of Formula II, or a salt, solvate, geometric isomer, or stereoisomer thereof. In certain embodiments, the transition metal is Pd.

The present invention provides a compound comprising a moiety of the formula: (I) where said moiety of formula I is a radical, a cation, or a radical dication; Y.sup.1, Y.sup.2, Y.sup.3, R.sup.1a, R.sup.1b, R.sup.1c, R.sup.1d, R.sup.2a, R.sup.2b, R.sup.2c, R.sup.2d, R.sup.3a, R.sup.3b, R.sup.3c, and R.sup.3d are as defined herein. Compounds containing a moiety of Formula I are useful in a wide variety of applications including, but not limited to, as photocatalysts, use in OLEDs, in electronic components, etc. As an organic-based photocatalysts, compounds containing a moiety of Formula I are activated by a relatively low energy electromagnetic wavelength, e.g., wavelength of 600 nm or greater. Furthermore, compounds of the invention can be used as both photoreduction catalysts and photooxidation catalysts.

##STR00001##