An organometallic complex catalyst that makes it possible to obtain a higher yield of a desired product than conventional catalysts in a cross-coupling reaction. The organometallic complex catalyst has a structure represented by formula (1) and is for use in a cross-coupling reaction. In formula (1), M is the coordination center and represents a metal atom such as Pd or an ion thereof. R1, R2, and R3 may be the same or different and are a substituent such as a hydrogen atom. R4, R5, R6, and R7 may be the same or different and are a substituent such as a hydrogen atom. X represents a halogen atom. R8 represents a substituent that has a π bond and 3-20 carbon atoms. With regard to the electron-donating properties of R1-R7 with respect to the coordination center M of the ligand containing R1-R7 that is indicated in formula (2), R1-R7 are arranged in combination such that the TEP value obtained from infrared spectroscopy shifts toward the low frequency side compared to the TEP value of the ligand of formula (2-1).

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A hydroformylation method including preparing an aldehyde by reacting a raw-C5 feed with a synthetic gas in the presence of a catalyst composition.

A method of using homogenous rhodium catalysts comprising N-heterocyclic carbene ligands for the hydroformylation of olefins and substituted olefins is provided. In some aspects, the methods provided herein relate to the hydroformylation of allyl alcohol to 4-hydroxybutaldehyde in the presence of a rhodium catalyst which contains one or more N-heterocyclic carbene ligands of the formula: ##STR00001##
wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, and R.sub.4 are defined herein.

A process for producing isomerized olefins, branched aldehydes, branched alcohols, branched surfactants and other branched derivatives through isomerization, hydroformylation, hydrogenation, surfactant forming reactions and other derivative forming reactions.

A process for producing isomerized olefins, branched aldehydes, branched alcohols and branched surfactants through isomerization, hydroformylation, hydrogenation and surfactant forming reactions.

A reactor for performing a gas/liquid biphasic high-pressure reaction with a foaming medium, comprising an interior formed by a cylindrical, vertically oriented elongate shell, a bottom and a cap, wherein the interior is divided by internals into a backmixed zone and a zone of limited backmixing, wherein the backmixed zone and the zone of limited backmixing are consecutively traversable by the reaction mixture, wherein the backmixed zone comprises means for introducing gas and liquid and a gas outlet and also comprises at least one mixing apparatus selected from a stirrer, a jet nozzle and means for injecting the gas, and the zone of limited backmixing comprises a reaction product outlet, a first cylindrical internal element which in the interior extends in the longitudinal direction of the reactor and which delimits the zone of limited backmixing from the backmixed zone, backmixing-preventing second internal elements in the form of random packings, structured packings or liquid-permeable trays arranged in the zone of limited backmixing and a riser tube whose lower end is arranged within the backmixed zone and whose upper end opens into the zone of limited backmixing so that liquid from the backmixed zone can ascend into the zone of limited backmixing via the riser tube, wherein flow into the zone of limited backmixing enters from below. The reactor is configured such that the high-pressure reaction space is optimally utilized and contamination of workup steps or subsequent reactions arranged downstream of the high-pressure reaction with foam is substantially avoided. The invention further relates to a process for performing a continuous gas/liquid biphasic high-pressure reaction in the reactor.

A reactor for performing a gas/liquid biphasic high-pressure reaction with a foaming medium, comprising an interior formed by a cylindrical, vertically oriented elongate shell, a bottom and a cap, wherein the interior is divided by internals into a backmixed zone and a zone of limited backmixing, wherein the backmixed zone and the zone of limited backmixing are consecutively traversable by the reaction mixture, wherein the backmixed zone comprises means for introducing gas and liquid and a gas outlet and also comprises at least one mixing apparatus selected from a stirrer, a jet nozzle and means for injecting the gas, and the zone of limited backmixing comprises a reaction product outlet, a first cylindrical internal element which in the interior extends in the longitudinal direction of the reactor and which delimits the zone of limited backmixing from the backmixed zone, backmixing-preventing second internal elements in the form of random packings, structured packings or liquid-permeable trays arranged in the zone of limited backmixing and a riser tube whose lower end is arranged within the backmixed zone and whose upper end opens into the zone of limited backmixing so that liquid from the backmixed zone can ascend into the zone of limited backmixing via the riser tube, wherein flow into the zone of limited backmixing enters from below. The reactor is configured such that the high-pressure reaction space is optimally utilized and contamination of workup steps or subsequent reactions arranged downstream of the high-pressure reaction with foam is substantially avoided. The invention further relates to a process for performing a continuous gas/liquid biphasic high-pressure reaction in the reactor.

A process for the carbonylation of epoxides in the presence of catalyst systems, wherein the carbonylation takes place in the presence of carbon monoxide, and wherein the catalyst system contains a molybdenum-based compound. Carbonylation products as well as carbonylation derivatives and to the use of the claimed catalyst systems for the carbonylation of epoxides are also provided.

A carbon dioxide reducing photocatalyst is provided. The carbon dioxide reducing photocatalyst comprises: an electron receptor comprising a metal oxide; a polymer concentrator deposited on the electron receptor; and a metal catalyst deposited on the electron receptor, wherein electrons move from the polymer concentrator to the metal catalyst through the conduction band of the electron receptor if the polymer concentrator absorbs light.

The invention relates to a process for the carbonylation of epoxides in the presence of catalyst systems, in which the carbonylation is carried out in the presence of carbon monoxide, and wherein the catalyst system comprises a vanadium-based, chromium-based, manganese-based and/or tungsten-based compound, preferably a tungsten-based compound. The invention further relates to carbonylation products and carbonylation conversion products and to the use of catalyst systems according to the invention for carbonylation of epoxides.