Provided is an oxygen reduction catalyst having an excellent oxygen reduction catalytic activity and a selection method thereof, a liquid composition or electrode containing an oxygen reduction catalyst, and an air battery or fuel cell provided with the electrode. An oxygen reduction catalyst containing a metal complex and a conductive material and having an ionization potential value of 5.80 eV or lower and a selection method thereof, a liquid composition or electrode containing an oxygen reduction catalyst, and an air battery or fuel cell provided with electrode.

A method for producing a carbamic acid salt, including contacting a carbon dioxide-containing mixed gas having a partial pressure of carbon dioxide of 0.001 atm or more and less than 1 atm with an amino group-containing organic compound in the presence of a base in at least one organic solvent selected from the group consisting of an organic solvent having 2 or more and 8 or less carbon atoms, and a method for producing a carbamic acid ester or a urea derivative using the carbamic acid salt.

Embodiments of the present invention are directed to processes to improve rhodium accountability in continuous liquid recycle hydroformylation processes. In some embodiments, a process comprises contacting in a reaction zone reactants comprising mixed C8 olefins or mixed C9 olefins, hydrogen, and carbon monoxide in the presence of a catalyst comprising rhodium and an organomonophosphite ligand to form a reaction fluid, wherein the reaction fluid is introduced to a strip gas vaporizer to produce a product stream and a vaporizer tails stream, and wherein the vaporizer tails stream comprises at least 1.2 percent by weight C8 internal olefins or at least 1.3 percent by weight C9 internal olefins.

Embodiments in accordance with the present invention encompass compositions encompassing a latent organo-ruthenium catalyst, an organo-ruthenium compound and a pyridine compound along with one or more monomers which undergo ring open metathesis polymerization (ROMP) when said composition is heated to a temperature from 80° C. to 150° C. or higher to form a substantially transparent film. Alternatively the compositions of this invention also undergo polymerization when subjected to suitable radiation. The monomers employed therein have a range of refractive index from 1.4 to 1.6 and thus these compositions can be tailored to form transparent films of varied refractive indices. The compositions of this invention further comprises inorganic nanoparticles which form transparent films and further increases the refractive indices of the compositions. Accordingly, compositions of this invention are useful in various opto-electronic applications, including as coatings, encapsulants, fillers, leveling agents, among others.

This disclosure relates to N-substituted Pd(II)-N-heterocyclic carbene-pyridine complexes, methods of preparing the complexes, and methods of using the complexes in Sonogashira coupling reactions.

The instant disclosure provides a process for synthesis of compound of Formula:
X.sub.a-M.sup.z+-Y.sub.b,
wherein M.sup.z+ is a transition metal ion and X and Y are carboxylate anions. The catalysts are hydrocarbon soluble and the process for their preparation, as disclosed herein, constitutes an elegant method for the preparation of such catalysts.

Cationically curable compositions with latent reducing agents that demonstrate low cure temperature and improved work life are provided.

The invention is directed to a process to continuously prepare a cyclic carbonate product by reacting an epoxide compound with carbon dioxide in the presence of a supported dimeric aluminium salen complex. The process is performed in a reactor comprising a slurry of the supported dimeric aluminium salen complex and liquid cyclic carbonate product. The produced cyclic carbonate is discharged from the reactor while the supported dimeric aluminium salen complex remains in the reactor. The liquid carbonate product is purified by means of distillation. Between the reactor and the distillation one or more buffer vessels are present having a volume of between 5 and 50 m.sup.3 per kmol of dimeric aluminium salen complex as present in the reactor.

This disclosure relates to solid-supported bridged Pd(II)—N-heterocyclic carbene catalysts, methods of preparing the catalysts, and methods of using the catalysts in carbonylative Sonogashira coupling reactions.

Use of transition metal complexes of the formula (I) in organic light-emitting diodes ##STR00001## where: M.sup.1 is a metal atom; carbene is a carbene ligand; L is a monoanionic or dianionic ligand; K is an uncharged monodentate or bidentate ligand selected from the group consisting of phosphines; CO; pyridines; nitriles and conjugated dienes which form a π complex with M.sup.1; n is the number of carbene ligands and is at least 1; m is the number of ligands L, where m can be 0 or ≥1; o is the number of ligands K, where o can be 0 or ≥1; where the sum n+m+o is dependent on the oxidation state and coordination number of the metal atom and on the denticity of the ligands carbene, L and K and also on the charge on the ligands carbene and L, with the proviso that n is at least 1, and also
an OLED comprising these transition metal complexes, a light-emitting layer comprising these transition metal complexes, OLEDs comprising this light-emitting layer, devices comprising an OLED according to the present invention, and specific transition metal complexes comprising atb least two carbene ligands.