The present disclosure is directed to a desulphurization agent for removing sulphurous species from a diluent or process stream, and a use of such agent. In some examples, the agent may include a compound of manganese, pore forming particles and a compound of copper. The agent may be introduced into or mixed with the diluent or process stream to effectuate removal of sulphurous species from the diluent or process stream.

Methods of preparing fluorinated compounds by carboxylative fluorination using fluoride are contained herein. Fluorinated compounds are provided. Methods of using fluorinated compounds are contained herein.

Methods of preparing fluorinated compounds by carboxylative fluorination using fluoride are contained herein. Fluorinated compounds are provided. Methods of using fluorinated compounds are contained herein.

A catalyst for improving emissions and fuel efficiency in combustion chambers may include aluminum chloride, cerium (III) chloride, deionized water, propylene glycol, lithium chloride, chloroplatinic acid, rhodium chloride, perrhenic acid, and a pH adjuster, such as lithium hydroxide or hydrochloric acid reagent. A method of improving emissions and fuel efficiency in combustion chambers while simultaneously enhancing combustion of hydrocarbons may include introducing the catalyst via a vaporous transport into the flame zone of a combustion chamber.

A catalyst for improving emissions and fuel efficiency in combustion chambers may include aluminum chloride, cerium (III) chloride, deionized water, propylene glycol, lithium chloride, chloroplatinic acid, rhodium chloride, perrhenic acid, and a pH adjuster, such as lithium hydroxide or hydrochloric acid reagent. A method of improving emissions and fuel efficiency in combustion chambers while simultaneously enhancing combustion of hydrocarbons may include introducing the catalyst via a vaporous transport into the flame zone of a combustion chamber.