A composite material for photocatalytic hydrogen production and a photocatalytic hydrogen production catalyst are provided. The composite material includes a plurality of inorganic semiconductor particles and a linear conjugated polymer material. The conductive band of a material of the inorganic semiconductor particles is higher than the reduction potential of hydrogen, and the linear conjugated polymer material is compounded on a surface of each of the inorganic semiconductor particles, wherein the difference in the energy level of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) of the linear conjugated polymer material and the conductive band of the material of the inorganic semiconductor particles is within 2 eV.

Processes for producing an α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acid, such as acrylic acid, or a salt thereof, using treated solid oxides are disclosed. The treated solid oxides can be calcined solid oxides, metal-treated solid oxides, or metal-treated chemically-modified solid oxides, illustrative examples of which can include sodium-treated alumina, calcium-treated alumina, zinc-treated alumina, sodium-treated sulfated alumina, sodium-treated fluorided silica-coated alumina, and similar materials.

Processes for producing an α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acid, such as acrylic acid, or a salt thereof, using treated solid oxides are disclosed. The treated solid oxides can be calcined solid oxides, metal-treated solid oxides, or metal-treated chemically-modified solid oxides, illustrative examples of which can include sodium-treated alumina, calcium-treated alumina, zinc-treated alumina, sodium-treated sulfated alumina, sodium-treated fluorided silica-coated alumina, and similar materials.

A catalyst system comprising a) a metal complex of the formula CyLMZ.sub.p, wherein M is a group 4 metal Z is an anionic ligand, p is number of 1 to 2, preferably 2 Cy is a cyclopentadienyl-type ligand and, L is a ligand of the formula ##STR00001## wherein each A is independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen and phosphorus and R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted hydrocarbyl, unsubstituted or substituted silyl and unsubstituted or substituted germyl residues, and b) a boron containing activator, characterized in that the molar ratio of the boron of the activator to M of the metal complex is greater than 2.5.

A catalyst system comprising a) a metal complex of the formula CyLMZ.sub.p, wherein M is a group 4 metal Z is an anionic ligand, p is number of 1 to 2, preferably 2 Cy is a cyclopentadienyl-type ligand and, L is a ligand of the formula ##STR00001## wherein each A is independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen and phosphorus and R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted hydrocarbyl, unsubstituted or substituted silyl and unsubstituted or substituted germyl residues, and b) a boron containing activator, characterized in that the molar ratio of the boron of the activator to M of the metal complex is greater than 2.5.

Despite significant progress in the synthesis of nanocomposite materials, integration of several components with various functions remains a big challenge, which significantly limits control over nanocomposite properties. The disclosure provides a multifunctional micro particle based on incorporation of titania nanoparticles combined into a porous polylactic acid (PLA) matrix. PLA is used as a biodegradable and biocompatible polymer and titania nanoparticles represent photocatalytically active nanofillers capable of degradation of organic compounds under solar irradiation. Titania nanoparticles are integrated with PLA by using ‘mixed’ and ‘in situ grown’ approaches. The hybrid systems effectively absorbed and degraded organic impurities from water. The sorption capacity, dye degradability, and PLA disintegration were controlled by varying the concentration of incorporated titania. The hybrid degradable systems can be applied as novel non-toxic photocatalytic materials for such as environmental cleanup of contaminated waters.

Despite significant progress in the synthesis of nanocomposite materials, integration of several components with various functions remains a big challenge, which significantly limits control over nanocomposite properties. The disclosure provides a multifunctional micro particle based on incorporation of titania nanoparticles combined into a porous polylactic acid (PLA) matrix. PLA is used as a biodegradable and biocompatible polymer and titania nanoparticles represent photocatalytically active nanofillers capable of degradation of organic compounds under solar irradiation. Titania nanoparticles are integrated with PLA by using ‘mixed’ and ‘in situ grown’ approaches. The hybrid systems effectively absorbed and degraded organic impurities from water. The sorption capacity, dye degradability, and PLA disintegration were controlled by varying the concentration of incorporated titania. The hybrid degradable systems can be applied as novel non-toxic photocatalytic materials for such as environmental cleanup of contaminated waters.

A solid catalyst component for use in olefinic polymerization, includes titanium, magnesium, a halogen, and an internal electron donor compound; wherein: the internal electron donor compound is at least one compound represented by Formula (I)): ##STR00001##

A solid catalyst component for use in olefinic polymerization, includes titanium, magnesium, a halogen, and an internal electron donor compound; wherein: the internal electron donor compound is at least one compound represented by Formula (I)): ##STR00001##

Catalyst compositions containing a metallocene compound, a solid activator, and a co-catalyst, in which the solid activator or the supported metallocene catalyst has a d50 average particle size of 15 to 50 μm and a particle size distribution of 0.5 to 1.5, can be contacted with an olefin in a loop slurry reactor to produce an olefin polymer. A representative ethylene-based polymer produced using the catalyst composition has excellent dart impact strength and low gels, and can be characterized by a HLMI from 4 to 10 g/10 min, a density from 0.944 to 0.955 g/cm.sup.3, a higher molecular weight component with a Mn from 280,000 to 440,000 g/mol, and a lower molecular weight component with a Mw from 30,000 to 45,000 g/mol and a ratio of Mz/Mw ranging from 2.3 to 3.4.