A direct contact heat exchanger for a molten media reactor can include a plurality of trays or stages disposed in a vessel, a molten media flow path configured to pass a molten media through the plurality of trays or stages, and a gas pathway disposed through the plurality of trays or stages. The gas pathway is configured to directly contact a gas phase fluid with the molten media on the plurality of trays or stages.

The present disclosure provides a photocatalyst composition that has excellent antibacterial properties in a bright place and can suppress a decrease in antibacterial action over time in a dark place. The present disclosure provides a photocatalyst composition containing a photocatalyst particle, a co-catalyst, and iodine or a water-soluble iodine compound, characterized in that the iodine is formed from an iodide ion by photocatalyst activity generated by the photocatalyst particle receiving light.

The present disclosure provides a photocatalyst composition that has excellent antibacterial properties in a bright place and can suppress a decrease in antibacterial action over time in a dark place. The present disclosure provides a photocatalyst composition containing a photocatalyst particle, a co-catalyst, and iodine or a water-soluble iodine compound, characterized in that the iodine is formed from an iodide ion by photocatalyst activity generated by the photocatalyst particle receiving light.

Methods of producing graphene, reaction chambers for forming graphene, and graphene sheets formed from the methods are described herein. A method may include adding at least one metal catalyst in a reaction chamber, adding at least one hydrocarbon gas in the reaction chamber, allowing the at least one metal catalyst and the at least one hydrocarbon gas to contact one another to produce a product, and dehydrogenating the product to produce the graphene.

We provide a process for regenerating a spent acidic ionic liquid, comprising contacting the spent acidic ionic liquid with hydrogen and without an addition of a hydrogenation catalyst; wherein a conjunct polymer content is decreased in the spent acidic ionic liquid to produce regenerated acidic ionic liquid. We also provide a process for making an alkylate gasoline blending component, comprising: a) alkylating a mixture of isoparaffins and olefins using an acidic ionic liquid and an alkyl halide or a hydrogen halide, wherein a conjunct polymer accumulates in a spent acidic ionic liquid; and b) feeding the spent acidic ionic liquid and a hydrogen, and without an addition of a hydrogenation catalyst, to a regeneration reactor operated under selected hydrogenation conditions to produce a regenerated acidic ionic liquid that is used for the alkylating, wherein the conjunct polymer in the regenerated acidic ionic liquid is decreased by at least 50 wt %.

Disclosed is an oxidation process to produce a crude carboxylic acid product carboxylic acid product. The process comprises oxidizing a feed stream comprising at least one oxidizable compound to generate a crude carboxylic acid slurry comprising furan-2,5-dicarboxylic acid (FDCA) and compositions thereof. Also disclosed is a process to produce a dry purified carboxylic acid product by utilizing various purification methods on the crude carboxylic acid.

A suspension comprises a nano-crystalline metal organic framework suspended in a polymeric solution. The nano-crystalline metal organic framework comprises micropores having an average diameter in the range of 0.5-5 nm, and the nano-crystalline metal organic framework is substantially homogenously dispersed in the polymeric solution, which comprises a first polymeric material dissolved in a non-aqueous solvent.

Disclosed is an oxidation process to produce a crude carboxylic acid product carboxylic acid product. The process comprises oxidizing a feed stream comprising at least one oxidizable compound to generate a crude carboxylic acid slurry comprising furan-2,5-dicarboxylic acid (FDCA) and compositions thereof. Also disclosed is a process to produce a dry purified carboxylic acid product by utilizing various purification methods on the crude carboxylic acid.

This invention concerns a process for the production of vinyl esters of carboxylic acids with 3 to 20 carbon atoms, via vinylation in the presence of palladium (Pd) catalyst in combination with copper (Cu) as co-catalyst stabilized by organic salts in the presence of ethylene and air or oxygen.

An alkylation process and apparatus are described. The alkylation process includes pre-mixing a paraffin stream with an ionic liquid catalyst stream from a settler. The premixed paraffin and ionic liquid catalyst stream is mixed in a low-efficiency pump to form a paraffin and ionic liquid catalyst mixture. An olefin feed stream is introduced into a riser reactor. The paraffin and ionic liquid catalyst mixture is introduced into the riser reactor to form a reaction mixture comprising alkylate and the ionic liquid catalyst. The reaction mixture is separated in a settler into an ionic liquid catalyst stream and a hydrocarbon stream.